{"id":11397,"date":"2020-08-20T06:29:01","date_gmt":"2020-08-20T06:29:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11397"},"modified":"2020-08-20T06:29:01","modified_gmt":"2020-08-20T06:29:01","slug":"hierarchy-of-fear-in-the-savanna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/zoology\/hierarchy-of-fear-in-the-savanna\/","title":{"rendered":"Hierarchie strachu v savan\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hierarchie strachu v savan\u011b<\/h2>\n\n

Hierarchie strachu v savan\u011b<\/h2>\n\n

Kdy\u017e zv\u00ed\u0159ata \u017eij\u00ed v prost\u0159ed\u00ed pln\u00e9m pred\u00e1tor\u016f, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt neust\u00e1le ve st\u0159ehu p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010d\u00edm. Na rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch savan\u00e1ch v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe existuje mezi kopytn\u00edky (zv\u00ed\u0159aty s kopyty), kte\u0159\u00ed se potuluj\u00ed po t\u011bchto travnat\u00fdch porostech, z\u0159eteln\u00e1 \u201ehierarchie strachu\u201c.<\/p>\n\n

Lvi, vrcholn\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i savany, vl\u00e1dnou na vrcholu t\u00e9to hierarchie. Jejich d\u011bsiv\u00fd \u0159ev nah\u00e1n\u00ed hr\u016fzu ko\u0159isti, kter\u00e1 prch\u00e1 do bezpe\u010d\u00ed. Hned za nimi se \u0159ad\u00ed afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi a gepardi, kte\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed siln\u00e9 reakce strachu.<\/p>\n\n

Reakce vyvolan\u00e9 strachem: Ot\u00e1zka p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Intenzita reakce strachu kopytn\u00edka z\u00e1vis\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm pred\u00e1torovi, se kter\u00fdm se setk\u00e1. Nap\u0159\u00edklad impaly, b\u011b\u017en\u00fd druh ko\u0159isti v savan\u011b, se rozute\u010dou p\u0159i zvuku lv\u00edho \u0159evu, ale zvuk geparda je m\u016f\u017ee nechat klidn\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n

Tato hierarchie strachu m\u00e1 hlubok\u00fd dopad na chov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti. Strach \u0159\u00edd\u00ed jejich zp\u016fsoby hled\u00e1n\u00ed potravy, v\u00fdb\u011br prost\u0159ed\u00ed a dokonce i jejich rozmno\u017eovaln\u00e9 strategie. Pochopen\u00edm reakc\u00ed kopytn\u00edk\u016f vyvolan\u00fdch strachem mohou v\u011bdci z\u00edskat cenn\u00e9 poznatky o slo\u017eit\u00e9 dynamice ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f savany.<\/p>\n\n

Testov\u00e1n\u00ed reakc\u00ed strachu u kopytn\u00edk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Aby v\u011bdci v\u011bdecky prozkoumali hierarchii strachu mezi kopytn\u00edky, provedli studii v n\u00e1rodn\u00edm parku Greater Kruger. Nahr\u00e1li zvuky lv\u016f, gepard\u016f a africk\u00fdch divok\u00fdch ps\u016f, stejn\u011b jako pta\u010d\u00ed zp\u011bv (neohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed kontrola).<\/p>\n\n

Pomoc\u00ed fotopast\u00ed vybaven\u00fdch reproduktory p\u0159ehr\u00e1vali tyto zvuky pobl\u00ed\u017e napajedel, kde se zv\u00ed\u0159ata s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed shroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00ed. Kdy\u017e fotopast zaznamenala pohyb zv\u00ed\u0159ete, aktivovala reproduktor, aby vydal zvuk pred\u00e1tora, a zaznamenala reakci zv\u00ed\u0159ete.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdsledky: Vznik\u00e1 jasn\u00e1 hierarchie<\/h2>\n\n

Studie odhalila z\u0159etelnou hierarchii strachu mezi kopytn\u00edky. Lvi vyvolali nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed reakci strachu, n\u00e1sledov\u00e1ni africk\u00fdmi divok\u00fdmi psy a pot\u00e9 gepardy. Tato hierarchie odpov\u00edd\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobnosti, \u017ee kopytn\u00edka zabije p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd druh pred\u00e1tora.<\/p>\n\n

Impaly, p\u0159esto\u017ee z\u0159\u00eddka padnou za ob\u011b\u0165 lv\u016fm, vykazovaly nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed strach z tohoto vrcholn\u00e9ho pred\u00e1tora. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee ko\u0159ist nevyhodnocuje pouze pravd\u011bpodobnost \u00fatoku, ale tak\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fsledky tohoto \u00fatoku.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdjimky z hierarchie<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e1le\u010dnici, na rozd\u00edl od jin\u00fdch kopytn\u00edk\u016f, neprojevili \u017e\u00e1dnou preferenci ve sv\u00e9 reakci strachu na r\u016fzn\u00e9 pred\u00e1tory. Je to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b d\u00e1no jejich schopnost\u00ed br\u00e1nit se proti men\u0161\u00edm pred\u00e1tor\u016fm, jako jsou divoc\u00ed psi a gepardi.<\/p>\n\n

Implikace pro ochranu p\u0159\u00edrody<\/h2>\n\n

Pochopen\u00ed hierarchie strachu mezi ko\u0159ist\u00ed je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed. Lidsk\u00e9 aktivity, jako je fragmentace prost\u0159ed\u00ed a odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pred\u00e1tor\u016f, mohou naru\u0161it tyto p\u0159irozen\u00e9 vztahy pred\u00e1tor-ko\u0159ist.<\/p>\n\n

Ochranou pred\u00e1tor\u016f a jejich prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme udr\u017eet k\u0159ehkou rovnov\u00e1hu ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f savany a zajistit p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto ikonick\u00fdch druh\u016f divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n

Kask\u00e1dovit\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky interakce pred\u00e1tor-ko\u0159ist<\/h2>\n\n

Pred\u00e1to\u0159i nejen zab\u00edjej\u00ed ko\u0159ist, ale tak\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed jej\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed. Studie v Keni uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee riziko predace ze strany leopard\u016f a divok\u00fdch ps\u016f utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed preference impal v\u016f\u010di prost\u0159ed\u00ed, co\u017e zase ovliv\u0148uje roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed druh\u016f strom\u016f v savan\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

Ztr\u00e1ta nebo op\u011btovn\u00e9 vysazen\u00ed druhu pred\u00e1tora m\u016f\u017ee proto m\u00edt kask\u00e1dovit\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky v cel\u00e9m ekosyst\u00e9mu, co\u017e ovlivn\u00ed vegetaci, dostupnost vody a hojnost dal\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Hierarchie strachu v savan\u011b je komplexn\u00ed a dynamick\u00fd jev, kter\u00fd utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti a ovliv\u0148uje cel\u00fd ekosyst\u00e9m. Pochopen\u00edm t\u011bchto reakc\u00ed vyvolan\u00fdch strachem mohou v\u011bdci a ochr\u00e1nci p\u0159\u00edrody pracovat na ochran\u011b t\u011bchto k\u0159ehk\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f a zajistit p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 divok\u00e9 zv\u011b\u0159e, kter\u00e1 je ob\u00fdv\u00e1.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hierarchie strachu v savan\u011b Hierarchie strachu v savan\u011b Kdy\u017e zv\u00ed\u0159ata \u017eij\u00ed v prost\u0159ed\u00ed pln\u00e9m pred\u00e1tor\u016f, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt neust\u00e1le ve st\u0159ehu p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010d\u00edm. Na rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch savan\u00e1ch v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe existuje mezi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[280],"tags":[309,254,219,15432,401,15431,15433],"class_list":["post-11397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zoology","tag-animal-behavior","tag-wildlife","tag-ecology","tag-predator-prey-interactions","tag-conservation","tag-fear-response","tag-savanna-ecosystem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11397","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11397"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11397\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11398,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11397\/revisions\/11398"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11397"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11397"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11397"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}