{"id":11431,"date":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","date_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11431"},"modified":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T02:50:37","slug":"herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/history-of-science\/herbert-spencer-the-controversial-victorian-thinker\/","title":{"rendered":"Herbert Spencer: Unraveling the Legacy of the Man Behind ‘Survival of the Fittest’"},"content":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: Kontroverzn\u00ed viktori\u00e1nsk\u00fd myslitel<\/h2>\n\n

Ml\u00e1d\u00ed a vlivy<\/h2>\n\n

Herbert Spencer, narozen\u00fd v roce 1820, byl samouk, viktori\u00e1nsk\u00fd myslitel, kter\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k v\u011bd\u011b a filozofii. Pracoval jako \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdr a novin\u00e1\u0159, ne\u017e si vybudoval svou reputaci sv\u00fdmi filozofick\u00fdmi spisy.<\/p>\n\n

Evoluce a “p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch”<\/h2>\n\n

Spencerovy ran\u00e9 spisy o evoluci, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u00e1zely Darwinovu pr\u016fkopnickou pr\u00e1ci “O p\u016fvodu druh\u016f”, zavedly nyn\u00ed slavn\u00fd v\u00fdraz “p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch”. Evolu\u010dn\u00ed principy aplikoval na lidskou spole\u010dnost a tvrdil, \u017ee konkurence a p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br vedly k p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jedinc\u016f a spole\u010dnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed darwinismus<\/h2>\n\n

Spencerovy my\u0161lenky byly pozd\u011bji pou\u017eity k ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00edho darwinismu, p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee bohat\u00ed a mocn\u00ed si zaslou\u017e\u00ed sv\u016fj \u00fasp\u011bch, zat\u00edmco chud\u00ed a marginalizovan\u00ed si zaslou\u017e\u00ed sv\u00e9 ne\u00fasp\u011bchy. Tato interpretace Spencerova d\u00edla byla \u0161iroce kritizov\u00e1na jako chybn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed jeho my\u0161lenek.<\/p>\n\n

Slo\u017eit\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Zat\u00edmco Spencerova ran\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce o evoluci byla pr\u016fkopnick\u00e1, jeho pokusy extrapolovat z n\u00ed \u00faplnou filozofii se setkaly se skepticismem. Kritici ho obvinili z “naturalistick\u00e9ho klamu”, kdy\u017e se pokusil odvodit mor\u00e1lku z p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

V posledn\u00edch letech se v\u011bdci sna\u017eili rehabilitovat Spencerovu pov\u011bst. Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee nebyl tak bezcitn\u00fd, jak je \u010dasto l\u00ed\u010den, a zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed jeho v\u00edru v altruismus, soucit a pacifismus. Spencer tak\u00e9 obhajoval pr\u00e1va \u017een a m\u011bl pro svou dobu progresivn\u00ed n\u00e1zory na rovnost pohlav\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Vliv na modern\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Spencerovy my\u0161lenky m\u011bly trval\u00fd dopad na modern\u00ed liberalismus a spole\u010densk\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed. Jeho d\u016fraz na individu\u00e1ln\u00ed svobodu a voln\u00e9 trhy ovlivnil libertari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 a konzervativn\u00ed ideologie. Sou\u010dasn\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed psychologov\u00e9, jako Steven Pinker a E.O. Wilson, mohou b\u00fdt zav\u00e1z\u00e1ni Spencerov\u00fdm my\u0161lenk\u00e1m, ani\u017e by pln\u011b uznali jejich vliv.<\/p>\n\n

Osobn\u00ed \u017eivot a d\u011bdictv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Spencer se nikdy neo\u017eenil a sv\u00e9 posledn\u00ed roky str\u00e1vil v relativn\u00ed izolaci a bojoval za kontrolu nad sv\u00fdm ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm obrazem. Navzdory sv\u00e9 ran\u00e9 sl\u00e1v\u011b jeho pov\u011bst upadala, jak v\u011bda a filozofie postupovaly. Zem\u0159el v roce 1903 a jeho hrob na h\u0159bitov\u011b Highgate le\u017e\u00ed naproti hrobu Karla Marxe, jeho\u017e my\u0161lenk\u00e1m se vehementn\u011b br\u00e1nil.<\/p>\n\n

Spencer\u016fv trval\u00fd vliv<\/h2>\n\n

Navzdory kontroverz\u00edm kolem jeho d\u00edla z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 Spencer v\u00fdznamnou postavou v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch v\u011bdy a filozofie. Jeho ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed vize ucelen\u00e9ho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na evolu\u010dn\u00edch principech zanechala trval\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed, i kdy\u017e jeho konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed my\u0161lenky byly v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu zpochybn\u011bny a zp\u0159esn\u011bny.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Herbert Spencer: Kontroverzn\u00ed viktori\u00e1nsk\u00fd myslitel Ml\u00e1d\u00ed a vlivy Herbert Spencer, narozen\u00fd v roce 1820, byl samouk, viktori\u00e1nsk\u00fd myslitel, kter\u00fd v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k v\u011bd\u011b a filozofii. Pracoval jako \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdr a…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[35,136,98,15480,2546,15481,1900],"class_list":["post-11431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-science-history","tag-evolution","tag-philosophy","tag-herbert-spencer","tag-natural-selection","tag-social-darwinism","tag-victorian-era"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11431"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11432,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11431\/revisions\/11432"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}