{"id":11435,"date":"2022-08-26T13:42:42","date_gmt":"2022-08-26T13:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11435"},"modified":"2022-08-26T13:42:42","modified_gmt":"2022-08-26T13:42:42","slug":"ancient-egyptian-life-revealed-through-18000-ostraca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/uncategorized\/ancient-egyptian-life-revealed-through-18000-ostraca\/","title":{"rendered":"Staroegyptsk\u00fd \u017eivot odhalen d\u00edky 18 000 ostrak\u00e1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Odhalen staroegyptsk\u00fd \u017eivot d\u00edky 18 000 ostrak\u00e1m<\/h2>\n\n

Objev starov\u011bk\u00fdch z\u00e1pisn\u00edk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Archeologov\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed vykop\u00e1vky ve staroegyptsk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Athribis narazili na pozoruhodn\u00fd objev: v\u00edce ne\u017e 18 000 ostrak, popsan\u00fdch st\u0159ep\u016f keramiky, kter\u00e9 slou\u017eily jako \u201ez\u00e1pisn\u00edky\u201c obyvatel m\u011bsta. Tyto \u00falomky, sahaj\u00edc\u00ed od n\u00e1kupn\u00edch seznam\u016f p\u0159es obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy a\u017e po \u0161koln\u00ed \u00fakoly, poskytuj\u00ed bezprecedentn\u00ed pohled do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2000 lety \u017eili v Athribis.<\/p>\n\n

Ostraka: okno do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota<\/h2>\n\n

Ostraka, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 v \u0159e\u010dtin\u011b jako \u201eostraca\u201c, byla levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed alternativou papyru, tradi\u010dn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu ke psan\u00ed ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Egypt\u011b. Aby u\u017eivatel\u00e9 mohli na st\u0159epy ps\u00e1t, nam\u00e1\u010deli r\u00e1kos nebo dutou h\u016flku do inkoustu a \u0161kr\u00e1bali sv\u00e1 sd\u011blen\u00ed na keramick\u00fd povrch. Zat\u00edmco v\u011bt\u0161ina ostrak nalezen\u00fdch v Athribis nese p\u00edsmo, t\u00fdm objevil tak\u00e9 obrazov\u00e1 ostraka zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata, lidi, geometrick\u00e9 obrazce a bo\u017estva.<\/p>\n\n

Pokladnice informac\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Ostraka nab\u00edzej\u00ed spoustu informac\u00ed o r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspektech \u017eivota ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Egypt\u011b. Odhaluj\u00ed n\u00e1kupn\u00ed seznamy, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed n\u00e1kupy p\u0161enice, chleba a dal\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1sob, a nazna\u010duj\u00ed tak hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 aktivity a stravovac\u00ed n\u00e1vyky obyvatel m\u011bsta. Obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy dokumentuj\u00ed transakce t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se zbo\u017e\u00ed a slu\u017eeb a osv\u011btluj\u00ed obchodn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 existovaly v r\u00e1mci Athribis.<\/p>\n\n

\u0160koln\u00ed dny ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m Egypt\u011b<\/h2>\n\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee zna\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det ostrak souvis\u00ed se starov\u011bkou \u0161kolou. V\u00edce ne\u017e sto z nich m\u00e1 na p\u0159edn\u00ed i zadn\u00ed stran\u011b opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se n\u00e1pisy, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed se provinili, byli nuceni jako trest opisovat \u0159\u00e1dky, praxe, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch dnes. Jin\u00e1 ostraka obsahuj\u00ed gramatick\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed, aritmetick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my a dokonce i \u201eabecedu pt\u00e1k\u016f\u201c, kde ka\u017ed\u00e9mu p\u00edsmenu byl p\u0159i\u0159azen pt\u00e1k, jeho\u017e jm\u00e9no t\u00edmto p\u00edsmenem za\u010d\u00ednalo.<\/p>\n\n

Multikulturn\u00ed vlivy<\/h2>\n\n

Ostraka tak\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed multikulturn\u00ed historii Athribis. Asi 80 % \u00falomk\u016f je naps\u00e1no d\u00e9moticky, administrativn\u00edm p\u00edsmem pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm za vl\u00e1dy Kleopat\u0159ina otce Ptolemaia XII. Av\u0161ak objevuj\u00ed se tak\u00e9 \u0159e\u010dtina, hieroglyfy, hieratick\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, arab\u0161tina a kopt\u0161tina (egyptsk\u00fd dialekt psan\u00fd \u0159eckou abecedou), co\u017e dokazuje rozmanit\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed vlivy, kter\u00e9 m\u011bsto formovaly.<\/p>\n\n

Odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed minulosti<\/h2>\n\n

Objev t\u011bchto ostrak je v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm archeologick\u00fdm pr\u016flomem, kter\u00fd zlep\u0161\u00ed na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed staroegyptsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Anal\u00fdzou text\u016f doufaj\u00ed v\u011bdci, \u017ee z\u00edskaj\u00ed poznatky o ekonomice, obchodu, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b obyvatel Athribis na konci Ptolemaiovsk\u00e9ho a po\u010d\u00e1tku \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Prozkoum\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch struktur<\/h2>\n\n

Ostraka byla nalezena pobl\u00ed\u017e \u0159ady \u201ev\u00edcepodla\u017en\u00edch budov se schodi\u0161ti a klenbami\u201c z\u00e1padn\u011b od hlavn\u00ed lokality vykop\u00e1vek. P\u0159ed t\u00edmto objevem byla jedinou srovnatelnou sb\u00edrkou ostrak nalezenou v Egypt\u011b sb\u00edrka l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch spis\u016f vykopan\u00e1 v d\u011blnick\u00e9 osad\u011b D\u00e9r el-Med\u00edna nedaleko \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam objevu<\/h2>\n\n

Podle Mostafy Waziriho, gener\u00e1ln\u00edho tajemn\u00edka Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rady pro staro\u017eitnosti egyptsk\u00e9ho ministerstva pro staro\u017eitnosti, je objev ostrak \u201evelmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd\u201c, proto\u017ee osv\u011btluje ekonomiku a obchod v Athribis v pr\u016fb\u011bhu historie. \u201eText odhaluje finan\u010dn\u00ed transakce obyvatel t\u00e9to oblasti, kte\u0159\u00ed nakupovali a prod\u00e1vali potraviny, jako je p\u0161enice a chl\u00e9b,\u201c \u0159ekl.<\/p>\n\n

Ostraka z Athribis nab\u00edzej\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00fd a neoceniteln\u00fd zdroj informac\u00ed o staroegyptsk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Studiem t\u011bchto popsan\u00fdch keramick\u00fdch st\u0159ep\u016f mohou v\u011bdci rekonstruovat ka\u017edodenn\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitky, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 aktivity a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed postupy ve m\u011bst\u011b s \u017eivou a rozmanitou starov\u011bkou kulturou.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Odhalen staroegyptsk\u00fd \u017eivot d\u00edky 18 000 ostrak\u00e1m Objev starov\u011bk\u00fdch z\u00e1pisn\u00edk\u016f Archeologov\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed vykop\u00e1vky ve staroegyptsk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Athribis narazili na pozoruhodn\u00fd objev: v\u00edce ne\u017e 18 000 ostrak, popsan\u00fdch st\u0159ep\u016f keramiky, kter\u00e9…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[88,27,15484,63,541,15483,170],"class_list":["post-11435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-archaeology","tag-history","tag-daily-life","tag-culture","tag-ancient-egypt","tag-ostraca","tag-education"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11435","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11435"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11435\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11436,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11435\/revisions\/11436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11435"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11435"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11435"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}