{"id":11538,"date":"2023-03-31T20:42:19","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T20:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11538"},"modified":"2023-03-31T20:42:19","modified_gmt":"2023-03-31T20:42:19","slug":"humans-and-war-debunking-the-myth-of-the-peaceful-savage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/anthropology\/humans-and-war-debunking-the-myth-of-the-peaceful-savage\/","title":{"rendered":"Lid\u00e9 a v\u00e1lka: Vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed m\u00fdtu o m\u00edrumilovn\u00e9m divochovi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lid\u00e9 a v\u00e1lka: Vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed m\u00fdtu o m\u00edrumilovn\u00e9m divochovi<\/h2>\n\n

Archeologick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy drt\u00ed iluzi<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e1lka byla po celou historii st\u00e1l\u00fdm pr\u016fvodcem lidstva. Navzdory m\u00fdtu o m\u00edrumilovn\u00e9m, vzne\u0161en\u00e9m divochovi odhaluj\u00ed archeologick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomnou a smrt\u00edc\u00ed realitu v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed v minulosti. Od basreli\u00e9f\u016f asyrsk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016f po st\u00e9ly zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9 faraony por\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed sv\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1tele vykresluj\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9 artefakty ponurou pod\u00edvanou na konflikt.<\/p>\n\n

Dokonce i mezi \u201epoklidn\u00fdmi\u201c spole\u010dnostmi, jako jsou domorod\u00ed Ameri\u010dan\u00e9, domorod\u00ed Australan\u00e9, Eskym\u00e1ci a K\u0159ov\u00e1ci, nazna\u010duj\u00ed archeologick\u00e9, antropologick\u00e9 a ekologick\u00e9 \u00fadaje, \u017ee v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed bylo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 a smrt\u00edc\u00ed. Steven A. LeBlanc, harvardsk\u00fd archeolog, tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee lid\u00e9 a v\u00e1lka jdou v\u017edy ruku v ruce.<\/p>\n\n

Ekologick\u00e1 nerovnov\u00e1ha: Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed hybn\u00e1 s\u00edla konfliktu<\/h2>\n\n

LeBlanc ozna\u010duje ekologickou nerovnov\u00e1hu za prim\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu v\u00e1lky. Kdy\u017e populace p\u0159es\u00e1hne nab\u00eddku potravin nebo je p\u016fda zdegradov\u00e1na, lid\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017e\u00ed o omezen\u00e9 zdroje, co\u017e vede k ohnisk\u016fm konflikt\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Bl\u00edzk\u00fd v\u00fdchod a Balk\u00e1n maj\u00ed dlouhou historii ekologick\u00e9ho stresu a degradace, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k jejich prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edm konflikt\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed u na\u0161ich prim\u00e1tn\u00edch p\u0159edk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Impulz k veden\u00ed v\u00e1lky sah\u00e1 daleko do na\u0161\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed historie. Na\u0161i nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed opic, jako jsou \u0161impanzi, se zapojuj\u00ed do prudk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch akc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zrcadl\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 konflikty. Jak se lid\u00e9 vyv\u00edjeli, n\u00e1sil\u00ed se stalo normou, co\u017e je v\u00fdrazn\u00fd kontrast k romantizovan\u00e9 p\u0159edstav\u011b vzne\u0161en\u00e9ho divok\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, kterou prosazoval Rousseau a jeho n\u00e1sledovn\u00edci.<\/p>\n\n

Skelet\u00e1ln\u00ed ostatky vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed ponur\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh<\/h2>\n\n

Skelet\u00e1ln\u00ed ostatky z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta poskytuj\u00ed nezvratn\u00fd d\u016fkaz hrozn\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b starov\u011bk\u00fdch domorod\u00fdch Australan\u016f, lovc\u016f a sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f bez trval\u00fdch s\u00eddel, odhaluj\u00ed zn\u00e1mky n\u00e1siln\u00fdch \u00famrt\u00ed, masakr\u016f a specializovan\u00fdch zbran\u00ed ur\u010den\u00fdch pro v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed. Tento jasn\u00fd d\u016fkaz zpochyb\u0148uje m\u00fdtus o m\u00edrumilovn\u00e9m primitivovi.<\/p>\n\n

Zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed: Katalyz\u00e1tor zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 m\u00edry v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159echod od lovu a sb\u011bru k zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed kolem 10 000 p\u0159. n. l. p\u0159inesl zna\u010dn\u00e9 environment\u00e1ln\u00ed tlaky. R\u016fst populace vedl ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9mu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, co\u017e \u010dinilo v\u00e1l\u010den\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a smrteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e v dob\u011b lovc\u016f a sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Americk\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby: Zakotven\u00e9 v rovnost\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Judith Martin, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 jako Miss Manners, zkoum\u00e1 jedine\u010dnou etiketu americk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti ve sv\u00e9 knize \u201eStar-Spangled Manners\u201c. P\u0159isuzuje americk\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00ed\u0159e v rovnost, kter\u00e1 poch\u00e1z\u00ed od otc\u016f zakladatel\u016f n\u00e1roda. Tento rovnost\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd duch se projevuje v osv\u011b\u017euj\u00edc\u00edm, p\u0159\u00edmo\u010dar\u00e9m a p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Americk\u00fd optimismus a pracovn\u00ed etika<\/h2>\n\n

Martin ozna\u010duje optimismus a silnou pracovn\u00ed etiku za ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed rysy americk\u00e9 povahy. Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v mo\u017enost \u00fasp\u011bchu, a to i tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 ne\u00fasp\u011bch\u016fm. Oce\u0148uj\u00ed tvrdou pr\u00e1ci a na voln\u00fd \u010das pohl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed jako na n\u011bco, co si mus\u00ed zaslou\u017eit, nikoli jako na pr\u00e1vo.<\/p>\n\n

Nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd vztah Ameri\u010dan\u016f se slu\u017eebnictvem<\/h2>\n\n

Martin tak\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd vztah Ameri\u010dan\u016f se slu\u017eebnictvem. Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 jsou rozpolceni mezi touhou po pohodl\u00ed a nepohodl\u00edm z p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee jim m\u00e1 n\u011bkdo slou\u017eit. Toto nap\u011bt\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed americk\u00e9 nepohodl\u00ed se spole\u010denskou hierarchi\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lid\u00e9 a v\u00e1lka: Vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed m\u00fdtu o m\u00edrumilovn\u00e9m divochovi Archeologick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy drt\u00ed iluzi V\u00e1lka byla po celou historii st\u00e1l\u00fdm pr\u016fvodcem lidstva. Navzdory m\u00fdtu o m\u00edrumilovn\u00e9m, vzne\u0161en\u00e9m divochovi odhaluj\u00ed archeologick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomnou…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[132,88,15609,136,27,1164,1325,2623,195,5292,3270],"class_list":["post-11538","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-anthropology","tag-archaeology","tag-egalitarianism","tag-evolution","tag-history","tag-conflict","tag-human-nature","tag-peace","tag-mythology","tag-social-behavior","tag-warfare"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11538"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11539,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11538\/revisions\/11539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11538"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11538"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11538"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}