{"id":11793,"date":"2021-01-03T06:40:03","date_gmt":"2021-01-03T06:40:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=11793"},"modified":"2021-01-03T06:40:03","modified_gmt":"2021-01-03T06:40:03","slug":"volcanic-eruptions-identifying-populations-at-risk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/earth-science\/volcanic-eruptions-identifying-populations-at-risk\/","title":{"rendered":"Sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce: Identifikace ohro\u017een\u00fdch populac\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce: Identifikace ohro\u017een\u00fdch populac\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed posouzen\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n<p>Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f poskytuje cenn\u00e9 informace o glob\u00e1ln\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00fdch nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. Zpr\u00e1va \u0159ad\u00ed zem\u011b podle jejich zranitelnosti v\u016f\u010di sope\u010dn\u00fdm erupc\u00edm a bere v \u00favahu faktory, jako je \u010detnost erupc\u00ed, z\u00e1va\u017enost nebezpe\u010d\u00ed a hustota zalidn\u011bn\u00ed v z\u00f3n\u00e1ch sope\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdbuch\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zem\u011b nejv\u00edce ohro\u017een\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n<p>Indon\u00e9sie je na vrcholu seznamu zem\u00ed nejv\u00edce ohro\u017een\u00fdch sope\u010dnou \u010dinnost\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed vysoce rizikov\u00e9 zem\u011b zahrnuj\u00ed Filip\u00edny, Japonsko, Mexiko, Etiopii, Guatemalu, Ekv\u00e1dor, It\u00e1lii, Salvador a Ke\u0148u. Tyto zem\u011b \u010del\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm rizik\u016fm ze sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b toxick\u00fdch plyn\u016f, smrt\u00edc\u00edch bahenn\u00edch tok\u016f a tsunami.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u016fsledky sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n<p>Sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce mohou m\u00edt ni\u010div\u00e9 d\u016fsledky. Od roku 1600 p\u0159i\u0161lo o \u017eivot v d\u016fsledku sope\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 278 000 lid\u00ed. Nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny, jako jsou nemoci a hladomory vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed ze zm\u011bny klimatu a fyzick\u00e9 destrukce, tvo\u0159\u00ed 24 % t\u011bchto \u00famrt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Erupce indon\u00e9sk\u00e9 sopky Tambora v roce 1815 slou\u017e\u00ed jako prvot\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad katastrofick\u00fdch dopad\u016f sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed. Tato masivn\u00ed erupce p\u0159\u00edmo zabila 70 000 lid\u00ed a vedla k &#8220;roku bez l\u00e9ta&#8221; na severn\u00ed polokouli, co\u017e zp\u016fsobilo rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 ne\u00fasp\u011bchy sklizn\u011b a hladomor, co\u017e m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek tis\u00edce dal\u0161\u00edch \u00famrt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sope\u010dn\u00e1 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n<p>Krom\u011b dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00fdch nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pyroklastick\u00fdch proud\u016f a lahar\u016f p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce dal\u0161\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed rizika:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nar\u0161en\u00ed leteck\u00e9 dopravy:<\/strong> Oblaka sope\u010dn\u00e9ho popela mohou naru\u0161it leteckou dopravu a zp\u016fsobit zru\u0161en\u00ed a zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed let\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00fdzvy k evakuaci:<\/strong> Sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce mohou nastat s mal\u00fdm varov\u00e1n\u00edm, co\u017e zt\u011b\u017euje evakuaci a \u010din\u00ed ji potenci\u00e1ln\u011b nebezpe\u010dnou.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed:<\/strong> Nesledovan\u00e9 sopky mohou p\u0159edstavovat nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by mohla p\u0159edstavovat zna\u010dn\u00e1 rizika pro populace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Posouzen\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9ho rizika<\/h3>\n\n<p>Posouzen\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9ho rizika zahrnuje identifikaci a vyhodnocen\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch nebezpe\u010d\u00ed spojen\u00fdch se sope\u010dn\u00fdmi erupcemi. Tento proces zohled\u0148uje faktory jako:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Historie sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Hustota obyvatelstva v z\u00f3n\u00e1ch sope\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdbuch\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Infrastruktura a kritick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v ohro\u017een\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>Schopnosti reagovat na mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159\u00edprava na sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce a jejich zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u00da\u010dinn\u00e9 strategie p\u0159\u00edpravy na sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce a jejich zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dopad\u016f sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed. Tyto strategie zahrnuj\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed:<\/strong> Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u011bdc\u016fm sledovat zm\u011bny v chov\u00e1n\u00ed sopek a poskytovat v\u010dasn\u00e1 varov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed mo\u017en\u00fdmi erupcemi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Evakua\u010dn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny:<\/strong> Vypracov\u00e1n\u00ed a implementace evakua\u010dn\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u016f pom\u00e1h\u00e1 komunit\u00e1m p\u0159ipravit se na sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce a reagovat na n\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed katastrof:<\/strong> Vytvo\u0159en\u00ed pl\u00e1n\u016f \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed katastrof zaji\u0161\u0165uje koordinovan\u00e9 a efektivn\u00ed reakce b\u011bhem a po sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupc\u00edch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce a ostrovn\u00ed n\u00e1rody<\/h3>\n\n<p>Sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed hrozbu pro ostrovn\u00ed n\u00e1rody. Zpr\u00e1va identifikuje Montserrat, Svat\u00fd Vincenc a Grenadiny, Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Indii, Dominiku, Azory, Svatou Lucii, atlantick\u00e9 ostrovy Spojen\u00e9ho kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, Salvador a Kostariku jako jedny z nejohro\u017een\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ostrovn\u00edch n\u00e1rod\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad kostarick\u00e1 sopka Turrialba byla p\u0159irovn\u00e1na k tlakov\u00e9mu hrnci, proto\u017ee hladina l\u00e1vy stoup\u00e1, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje zna\u010dn\u00e9 riziko pro okoln\u00ed komunity.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n\n<p>Sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce jsou p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed nebezpe\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt ni\u010div\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro populace po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Pochopen\u00edm rizik a implementac\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch strategi\u00ed p\u0159ipravenosti a zm\u00edr\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme sn\u00ed\u017eit zranitelnost komunit v\u016f\u010di sope\u010dn\u00fdm erupc\u00edm.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce: Identifikace ohro\u017een\u00fdch populac\u00ed Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed posouzen\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9ho nebezpe\u010d\u00ed Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f poskytuje cenn\u00e9 informace o glob\u00e1ln\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00fdch nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. Zpr\u00e1va \u0159ad\u00ed zem\u011b podle jejich zranitelnosti v\u016f\u010di sope\u010dn\u00fdm&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[212],"tags":[15944,15945,15946,7435,15943],"class_list":["post-11793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-earth-science","tag-volcanic-risk-assessment","tag-volcanic-preparedness","tag-volcanic-mitigation","tag-volcanic-eruptions","tag-volcanic-hazards"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11793","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11793"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11793\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11794,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11793\/revisions\/11794"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}