Lid\u00e9 byli dlouho fascinov\u00e1ni ot\u00e1zkou, zda zv\u00ed\u0159ata mohou oce\u0148ovat a vytv\u00e1\u0159et um\u011bn\u00ed. V posledn\u00edch letech se tomuto t\u00e9matu v\u011bnuje st\u00e1le v\u00edce v\u00fdzkum\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 poznatky o zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edm pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Jedna studie, proveden\u00e1 v\u011bdci z University of California v Berkeley, zkoumala um\u011bleck\u00e9 preference jav\u00e1nsk\u00fdch vrabc\u016f. V\u011bdci um\u00edstili sedm pt\u00e1k\u016f do klece s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi um\u011bleck\u00fdmi d\u00edly, v\u010detn\u011b kubistick\u00fdch, impresionistick\u00fdch a japonsk\u00fdch obraz\u016f. Pozorovali, \u017ee pt\u00e1ci tr\u00e1vili v\u00edce \u010dasu posazen\u00ed p\u0159ed kubistick\u00fdmi obrazy ne\u017e p\u0159ed impresionistick\u00fdmi obrazy. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee t\u0159i z vrabc\u016f preferovali japonsk\u00e9 obrazy p\u0159ed kubistick\u00fdmi, zat\u00edmco dva jin\u00ed preferovali kubistick\u00e9 obrazy p\u0159ed japonsk\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n
Jin\u00e9 studie uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee zv\u00ed\u0159ata lze vycvi\u010dit k rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi druhy um\u011bn\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad holuby byly vycvi\u010deny k rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi Picassem a Monetem a mezi \u201edobr\u00fdm\u201c a \u201e\u0161patn\u00fdm\u201c um\u011bn\u00edm. Tyto studie nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee zv\u00ed\u0159ata maj\u00ed schopnost vn\u00edmat a oce\u0148ovat estetick\u00e9 kvality um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Zat\u00edmco n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 jsou mo\u017en\u00e1 schopni ocenit um\u011bn\u00ed, ot\u00e1zka, zda mohou \u010di nemohou vytv\u00e1\u0159et um\u011bn\u00ed, je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee zv\u00ed\u0159ata jako \u0161impanzi, gorily a sloni vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed abstraktn\u00ed vzory, kter\u00e9 dosahuj\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b um\u011bn\u00ed. Je v\u0161ak obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 definovat, co p\u0159edstavuje zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed, a v t\u00e9to v\u011bci nepanuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 shoda.<\/p>\n\n
Pokud zv\u00ed\u0159ata skute\u010dn\u011b dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et a oce\u0148ovat um\u011bn\u00ed, zpochyb\u0148uje to na\u0161e tradi\u010dn\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 kreativity. Um\u011bn\u00ed bylo dlouho pova\u017eov\u00e1no za jedine\u010dnou lidskou schopnost, ale pokud dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et i zv\u00ed\u0159ata, nazna\u010duje to, \u017ee kreativita nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt pro lidi tak jedine\u010dn\u00e1, jak jsme si kdysi mysleli.<\/p>\n\n
Ot\u00e1zka zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edho um\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 etick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky. Pokud zv\u00ed\u0159ata dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ocenit a vytv\u00e1\u0159et um\u011bn\u00ed, vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 to ot\u00e1zky o tom, jak s nimi zach\u00e1z\u00edme. Tradi\u010dn\u011b byla zv\u00ed\u0159ata pova\u017eov\u00e1na za bytosti bez schopnosti estetick\u00e9ho ocen\u011bn\u00ed, ale pokud tomu tak nen\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nutn\u00e9 p\u0159ehodnotit na\u0161e zach\u00e1zen\u00ed se zv\u00ed\u0159aty a jejich pr\u00e1vo vyjad\u0159ovat se kreativn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Studium zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edho um\u011bn\u00ed je relativn\u011b nov\u00fdm oborem a st\u00e1le existuje mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nev\u00edme. Budouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum se bude muset zam\u011b\u0159it na rozvoj lep\u0161\u00edho porozum\u011bn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a na zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed etick\u00fdch d\u016fsledk\u016f pova\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edho um\u011bn\u00ed za um\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Um\u011bn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at: V\u00fdzva pro na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed kreativity Oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159aty Lid\u00e9 byli dlouho fascinov\u00e1ni ot\u00e1zkou, zda zv\u00ed\u0159ata mohou oce\u0148ovat a vytv\u00e1\u0159et um\u011bn\u00ed. V posledn\u00edch letech se tomuto t\u00e9matu v\u011bnuje st\u00e1le…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[312],"tags":[2787,517,16595,1218,6193],"class_list":["post-12284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-animal-behavior","tag-art-appreciation","tag-creativity","tag-animal-art","tag-perception","tag-animal-cognition"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12284"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12285,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12284\/revisions\/12285"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}