{"id":12391,"date":"2021-08-08T03:48:19","date_gmt":"2021-08-08T03:48:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12391"},"modified":"2021-08-08T03:48:19","modified_gmt":"2021-08-08T03:48:19","slug":"the-tongue-map-a-common-misunderstanding","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/life-sciences\/the-tongue-map-a-common-misunderstanding\/","title":{"rendered":"Mapa jazyka: roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd omyl"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mapa jazyka: b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 myln\u00e1 p\u0159edstava<\/h2>\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u011bkdy vid\u011bl mapu jazyka, diagram zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 oblasti jazyka odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdm chut\u00edm: sladk\u00e9 vp\u0159edu, slan\u00e9 a kysel\u00e9 po stran\u00e1ch, ho\u0159k\u00e9 vzadu. Jde o ikonick\u00fd obr\u00e1zek pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd p\u0159i studiu chuti, kter\u00fd je v\u0161ak chybn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n

Chu\u0165ov\u00e9 receptory: jak funguj\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Chu\u0165ov\u00e9 receptory nejsou omezen\u00e9 na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed oblasti jazyka. M\u00edsto toho jsou rozm\u00edst\u011bny po cel\u00e9m jeho povrchu. Tyto receptory rozpozn\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed chut\u011b: sladkou, slanou, kyselou a ho\u0159kou. Umami, v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 chu\u0165 glutam\u00e1tu (kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v glutamanu sodn\u00e9m neboli MSG), je nyn\u00ed uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na jako p\u00e1t\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed chu\u0165.<\/p>\n\n

Prahy chu\u0165ov\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Citlivost chu\u0165ov\u00fdch receptor\u016f se na jazyku li\u0161\u00ed. \u0160pi\u010dka a okraje jsou obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b citliv\u00e9, proto\u017ee obsahuj\u00ed mnoho chu\u0165ov\u00fdch poh\u00e1rk\u016f, smyslov\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f, kter\u00e9 rozpozn\u00e1vaj\u00ed chu\u0165. Rozd\u00edly v citlivosti jsou v\u0161ak mal\u00e9 a v\u0161echny oblasti jazyka mohou vn\u00edmat v\u0161echny chut\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

P\u016fvod mapy jazyka<\/h2>\n\n

Mapa jazyka vznikla v roce 1901 na z\u00e1klad\u011b studie n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho v\u011bdce Davida P. H\u00e4niga. H\u00e4nig m\u011b\u0159il prahy chu\u0165ov\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed v okol\u00ed okraj\u016f jazyka. Jeho v\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti jazyka maj\u00ed o n\u011bco ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed prahy pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 chut\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

H\u00e4nig\u016fv graf v\u00fdsledk\u016f byl v\u0161ak sp\u00ed\u0161e um\u011bleckou interpretac\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159esn\u00fdm zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00edm. Vytvo\u0159il dojem, \u017ee r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti jazyka jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za r\u016fzn\u00e9 chut\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

Ve 40. letech 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159epracoval Edwin G. Boring, profesor psychologie na Harvardu, H\u00e4nig\u016fv graf ve sv\u00e9 knize Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. Boringova verze nem\u011bla \u017e\u00e1dnou smysluplnou \u0161k\u00e1lu, co\u017e vedlo ke vzniku mapy jazyka, jak ji zn\u00e1me dnes.<\/p>\n\n

V\u011bdeck\u00e9 d\u016fkazy proti map\u011b jazyka<\/h2>\n\n

\u010cetn\u00e9 experimenty vyvr\u00e1tily mapu jazyka. Studie nap\u0159\u00edklad uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee v\u0161echny oblasti \u00fast obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed chu\u0165ov\u00e9 poh\u00e1rky, v\u010detn\u011b jazyka, m\u011bkk\u00e9ho patra a hltanu, jsou citliv\u00e9 na v\u0161echny chu\u0165ov\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p>\n\n

Po\u0161kozen\u00ed chorda tympani, nervu zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edho chu\u0165ov\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti jazyka, nevylu\u010duje schopnost vn\u00edmat sladkou chu\u0165. Ve skute\u010dnosti mohou jedinci s po\u0161kozen\u00edm chorda tympani zaznamenat zv\u00fd\u0161enou schopnost vn\u00edmat sladkou chu\u0165.<\/p>\n\n

Molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologie a chu\u0165ov\u00e9 receptory<\/h2>\n\n

Tak\u00e9 modern\u00ed molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed biologie odporuje map\u011b jazyka. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci identifikovali receptorov\u00e9 proteiny na chu\u0165ov\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9 za detekci chu\u0165ov\u00fdch molekul. Sladk\u00e9 receptory se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v cel\u00e9 dutin\u011b \u00fastn\u00ed, nejen v p\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. Podobn\u011b jsou ho\u0159k\u00e9 receptory p\u0159\u00edtomny ve v\u0161ech oblastech chu\u0165ov\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Skute\u010dn\u00fd test<\/h2>\n\n

Nejlep\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak odhalit chybu mapy jazyka, je prov\u00e9st jednoduch\u00fd experiment. P\u0159ipravte si \u0161\u00e1lek k\u00e1vy, otev\u0159ete plechovku limon\u00e1dy a dotkn\u011bte se \u0161pi\u010dkou jazyka slan\u00e9ho precl\u00edku. Rychle si uv\u011bdom\u00edte, \u017ee v\u00e1\u0161 jazyk dok\u00e1\u017ee vn\u00edmat v\u0161echny chut\u011b bez ohledu na to, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee existuj\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, mapa jazyka p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 ve v\u0161eobecn\u00e9m pov\u011bdom\u00ed a st\u00e1le se vyu\u010duje v mnoha u\u010debn\u00e1ch a u\u010debnic\u00edch. Je to d\u016fkaz s\u00edly vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch reprezentac\u00ed a obt\u00ed\u017enosti odstranit myln\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy, jakmile se jednou zako\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mapa jazyka: b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 myln\u00e1 p\u0159edstava Ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u011bkdy vid\u011bl mapu jazyka, diagram zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 oblasti jazyka odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdm chut\u00edm: sladk\u00e9 vp\u0159edu, slan\u00e9 a kysel\u00e9 po stran\u00e1ch, ho\u0159k\u00e9 vzadu. Jde o ikonick\u00fd…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[762],"tags":[2914,16750,16751,16752,5150,700],"class_list":["post-12391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-life-sciences","tag-taste","tag-taste-buds","tag-taste-perception","tag-tongue-map","tag-misconceptions","tag-sensory-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12391"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12391\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12392,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12391\/revisions\/12392"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}