{"id":12518,"date":"2022-02-27T01:59:16","date_gmt":"2022-02-27T01:59:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12518"},"modified":"2022-02-27T01:59:16","modified_gmt":"2022-02-27T01:59:16","slug":"rudimentary-wing-discs-determine-ant-soldier-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/biology\/rudimentary-wing-discs-determine-ant-soldier-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky ur\u010duj\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed mravenci se stanou voj\u00e1ky"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jak rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky ur\u010duj\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mravenci se stanou voj\u00e1ky<\/h2>\n\n

Mravenci: Spole\u010densk\u00fd hmyz s unik\u00e1tn\u00edmi kastovn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my<\/h2>\n\n

Mravenci jsou spole\u010densk\u00fd hmyz zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u00fdmi komplexn\u00edmi spole\u010dnostmi a r\u016fznorod\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm. Jedn\u00edm z nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rys\u016f mraven\u010d\u00edch koloni\u00ed je jejich kastovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kde jsou jedinci rozd\u011bleni do r\u016fzn\u00fdch skupin se specializovan\u00fdmi rolemi. Dv\u011bma hlavn\u00edmi kastami jsou voj\u00e1ci a d\u011bln\u00edci. Voj\u00e1ci maj\u00ed nepom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 hlavy a jsou zodpov\u011bdn\u00ed za obranu kolonie, zat\u00edmco d\u011bln\u00edci vykon\u00e1vaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00fakoly, jako je hled\u00e1n\u00ed potravy a p\u00e9\u010de o potomstvo.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1hada ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kasty mravenc\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Jak se mravenci vyv\u00edjej\u00ed ve voj\u00e1ky nebo d\u011bln\u00edky, bylo pro v\u011bdce dlouho z\u00e1hadou. Tradi\u010dn\u011b se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee environment\u00e1ln\u00ed faktory, jako je v\u00fd\u017eiva a feromony, hraj\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed roli v ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kasty. Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v\u0161ak vrhl nov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo na genetick\u00e9 a v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 faktory, kter\u00e9 tento proces ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Role rudiment\u00e1rn\u00edch k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm objevem v ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kasty mravenc\u016f je role rudiment\u00e1rn\u00edch k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f. K\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky jsou mal\u00e9 v\u00e1\u010dky bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 jsou ur\u010deny k tomu, aby se u kr\u00e1loven mravenc\u016f vyvinuly v k\u0159\u00eddla. U mravenc\u016f voj\u00e1k\u016f v\u0161ak tyto k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky rostou b\u011bhem larv\u00e1ln\u00edho st\u00e1dia, ale pot\u00e9 b\u011bhem metamorf\u00f3zy odum\u00edraj\u00ed a nech\u00e1vaj\u00ed mravence bezk\u0159\u00eddl\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

Neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 funkce k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee tyto rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky nejsou tak zbyte\u010dn\u00e9, jak se kdysi v\u011b\u0159ilo. Ve skute\u010dnosti hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli p\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed, zda se z mraven\u010d\u00ed larvy vyvine voj\u00e1k nebo d\u011bln\u00edk.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj voj\u00e1ka: Vliv k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

B\u011bhem larv\u00e1ln\u00edho st\u00e1dia vyv\u00edjej\u00ed mravenci ur\u010den\u00ed k tomu, aby se stali voj\u00e1ky, velk\u00e9 rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky. Tyto k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky vys\u00edlaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 stimuluj\u00ed r\u016fst dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla, zejm\u00e9na hlavy. \u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed jsou k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed bude hlava dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho mravence.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj d\u011bln\u00edka: Absence k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Naproti tomu mravenci d\u011bln\u00edci nevyv\u00edjej\u00ed b\u011bhem larv\u00e1ln\u00edho st\u00e1dia velk\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky. V d\u016fsledku toho maj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed hlavy a t\u011bla ne\u017e mravenci voj\u00e1ci.<\/p>\n\n

Feromonov\u00e1 regulace v\u00fdvoje voj\u00e1k\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Krom\u011b k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f hraj\u00ed roli v regulaci v\u00fdvoje voj\u00e1k\u016f tak\u00e9 feromony. Voj\u00e1ci mravenci produkuj\u00ed feromon uhlovod\u00edku kutikuly, kter\u00fd inhibuje v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f. Tento feromon pom\u00e1h\u00e1 udr\u017eovat rovnov\u00e1hu mezi voj\u00e1ky a d\u011bln\u00edky v kolonii.<\/p>\n\n

Evolu\u010dn\u00ed d\u016fsledky<\/h2>\n\n

Objev role rudiment\u00e1rn\u00edch k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f v ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kasty mravenc\u016f m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed historie. Ran\u00ed mravenci m\u011bli jednoduch\u00fd kastovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m s ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fdmi kr\u00e1lovnami a bezk\u0159\u00eddl\u00fdmi d\u011bln\u00edky. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu se kasta d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f d\u00e1le diferencovala na podkasty, jako jsou voj\u00e1ci. Rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky mohly sehr\u00e1t kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v tomto evolu\u010dn\u00edm procesu t\u00edm, \u017ee poskytly mechanismus pro kontrolu v\u00fdvoje r\u016fzn\u00fdch velikost\u00ed a tvar\u016f t\u011bla.<\/p>\n\n

Rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed struktury a evolu\u010dn\u00ed inovace<\/h2>\n\n

Objev funkce rudiment\u00e1rn\u00edch k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f zpochyb\u0148uje tradi\u010dn\u00ed pohled, \u017ee rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed struktury, nebo org\u00e1ny, kter\u00e9 ztratily svou p\u016fvodn\u00ed funkci, jsou pouh\u00fdmi evolu\u010dn\u00edmi zbytky. M\u00edsto toho nazna\u010duje, \u017ee tyto struktury mohou hr\u00e1t d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 role ve v\u00fdvoji a evoluci.<\/p>\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady rudiment\u00e1rn\u00edch struktur<\/h2>\n\n

Vaje\u010dn\u00edk larvy v\u010dely d\u011blnice je dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed struktury, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt d\u016fle\u017eitou funkci. I kdy\u017e jsou v\u010dely d\u011blnice steriln\u00ed a nikdy se nerozmno\u017e\u00ed, maj\u00ed vaje\u010dn\u00edky, kter\u00e9 jsou stejn\u011b velk\u00e9 jako vaje\u010dn\u00edky v\u010del\u00edch kr\u00e1loven b\u011bhem \u010dasn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje. Funkce t\u011bchto vaje\u010dn\u00edk\u016f je st\u00e1le nezn\u00e1m\u00e1, ale m\u016f\u017ee souviset s norm\u00e1ln\u00edm v\u00fdvojem d\u011blnice.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Objev role rudiment\u00e1rn\u00edch k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00edch disk\u016f v ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed kasty mravenc\u016f poskytl nov\u00e9 poznatky o evoluci a v\u00fdvoji spole\u010densk\u00e9ho hmyzu. Zpochyb\u0148uje tak\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u00ed pohled na rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed struktury a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje d\u016fle\u017eitost zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed jejich potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch funkc\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak rudiment\u00e1rn\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddeln\u00ed disky ur\u010duj\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mravenci se stanou voj\u00e1ky Mravenci: Spole\u010densk\u00fd hmyz s unik\u00e1tn\u00edmi kastovn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my Mravenci jsou spole\u010densk\u00fd hmyz zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u00fdmi komplexn\u00edmi spole\u010dnostmi a r\u016fznorod\u00fdm chov\u00e1n\u00edm. Jedn\u00edm z…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[136,6698,16909,7456,99,16908,16910],"class_list":["post-12518","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-evolution","tag-ants","tag-rudimentary-wing-discs","tag-social-insects","tag-lifescienceart","tag-caste-determination","tag-vestigial-structures"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12518","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12518"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12518\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12519,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12518\/revisions\/12519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12518"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12518"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12518"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}