{"id":12789,"date":"2021-03-15T12:40:04","date_gmt":"2021-03-15T12:40:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=12789"},"modified":"2021-03-15T12:40:04","modified_gmt":"2021-03-15T12:40:04","slug":"the-deadly-feather-trade-how-two-women-saved-americas-birds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/biology\/the-deadly-feather-trade-how-two-women-saved-americas-birds\/","title":{"rendered":"Smrt\u00edc\u00ed obchod s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami: Jak dv\u011b \u017eeny zachr\u00e1nily pt\u00e1ky Ameriky"},"content":{"rendered":"

Smrt\u00edc\u00ed obchod s pe\u0159\u00edm: Jak dv\u011b \u017eeny zachr\u00e1nily pt\u00e1ky Ameriky<\/h2>\n\n

Obchod s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami: M\u00f3dn\u00ed krutost<\/h2>\n\n

Na konci 19. stolet\u00ed vedla m\u00f3da na klobouky s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami ke zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00edmu obchodu s pta\u010d\u00edmi pery. Lovci zab\u00edjeli a stahovali z k\u016f\u017ee dosp\u011bl\u00e9 pt\u00e1ky a nechali osi\u0159el\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata o hladu nebo je se\u017erali vr\u00e1ny. Hlavn\u00edmi hybateli obchodu s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami byly centra v\u00fdroby klobouk\u016f v New Yorku a Lond\u00fdn\u011b, kter\u00e1 ro\u010dn\u011b spot\u0159ebovala pe\u0159\u00ed ze stovek tis\u00edc pt\u00e1k\u016f. Egrety s jejich oslniv\u011b b\u00edl\u00fdm pe\u0159\u00edm byly obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 loveny.<\/p>\n\n

Harriet Hemenwayov\u00e1 a Minna Hallov\u00e1: K\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy<\/h2>\n\n

V roce 1896 zah\u00e1jily dv\u011b bostonsk\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 d\u00e1my, Harriet Hemenwayov\u00e1 a jej\u00ed sest\u0159enice Minna Hallov\u00e1, vzpouru proti obchodu s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami. Hemenwayov\u00e1, v\u00e1\u0161niv\u00e1 amat\u00e9rsk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdkyn\u011b, byla zd\u011b\u0161ena zab\u00edjen\u00edm pt\u00e1k\u016f. Po\u017e\u00e1dala o pomoc Hallu a spole\u010dn\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1daly s\u00e9rii \u010dajov\u00fdch d\u00fdch\u00e1nk\u016f, na kter\u00fdch nal\u00e9haly na sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00e1tele, aby p\u0159estali nosit klobouky s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami.<\/p>\n\n

Zrod spole\u010dnosti Audubon Society<\/h2>\n\n

Bojkot Hemenwayov\u00e9 a Hallov\u00e9 byl \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd a brzy zalo\u017eily spole\u010dnost Massachusetts Audubon Society. Spole\u010dnosti Audubon vznikly ve v\u00edce ne\u017e tuctu st\u00e1t\u016f a jejich federace se nakonec za\u010dala naz\u00fdvat National Audubon Society. Spole\u010dnost Audubon Society sehr\u00e1la kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed legislativy na ochranu pt\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159elomov\u00e9 z\u00e1kony: Lacey Act a Weeks-McLean Law<\/h2>\n\n

V roce 1900 p\u0159ijal Kongres z\u00e1kon Lacey Act, kter\u00fd zakazoval p\u0159epravu pt\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159es st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranice, pokud byli uloveny v rozporu se z\u00e1kony dan\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Z\u00e1kon v\u0161ak nebyl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vym\u00e1h\u00e1n a obchod s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami nad\u00e1le prosperoval.<\/p>\n\n

V roce 1913 z\u00e1kon Weeks-McLean Law, kter\u00fd sponzoroval massachusettsk\u00fd z\u00e1stupce John Weeks a sen\u00e1tor z Connecticutu George McLean, obchod s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami efektivn\u011b ukon\u010dil. Z\u00e1kon zakazoval lov za \u00fa\u010delem prodeje a zakazoval mezist\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159epravu pt\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Migratory Bird Treaty Act z roku 1918<\/h2>\n\n

Po s\u00e9rii nepr\u016fkazn\u00fdch soudn\u00edch spor\u016f t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se z\u00e1kona Weeks-McLean Law Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud potvrdil z\u00e1kon Migratory Bird Treaty Act z roku 1918. Tato p\u0159elomov\u00e1 legislativa prohl\u00e1sila, \u017ee ochrana pt\u00e1k\u016f je v \u201en\u00e1rodn\u00edm z\u00e1jmu\u201c a dala feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1d\u011b pravomoc regulovat lov a p\u0159epravu ta\u017en\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

D\u011bdictv\u00ed Hemenwayov\u00e9 a Hallov\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n

\u00dasil\u00ed Harriet Hemenwayov\u00e9 a Minny Hallov\u00e9 hr\u00e1lo z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli v ochran\u011b pt\u00e1k\u016f ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Jejich bojkot obchodu s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami zv\u00fd\u0161il pov\u011bdom\u00ed o ni\u010div\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinc\u00edch m\u00f3dn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu na populace pt\u00e1k\u016f. Spole\u010dnost Audubon Society, kterou zalo\u017eily, je i dnes p\u0159edn\u00ed obh\u00e1jkyn\u00ed ochrany pt\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam ochrany pt\u00e1k\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Pt\u00e1ci hraj\u00ed v ekosyst\u00e9mu z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli. Opyluj\u00ed rostliny, rozptyluj\u00ed semena a kontroluj\u00ed \u0161k\u016fdce. \u00dabytek pta\u010d\u00edch populac\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt dominov\u00fd efekt na cel\u00fd potravn\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzec.<\/p>\n\n

Ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed z po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed pomohlo ochr\u00e1nit mnoho pta\u010d\u00edch druh\u016f p\u0159ed vyhynut\u00edm. Pt\u00e1ci v\u0161ak st\u00e1le \u010del\u00ed hrozb\u00e1m ze ztr\u00e1ty p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a zm\u011bny klimatu. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdy jindy podporovat ochranu pt\u00e1k\u016f a zajistit p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch tvor\u016f.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Smrt\u00edc\u00ed obchod s pe\u0159\u00edm: Jak dv\u011b \u017eeny zachr\u00e1nily pt\u00e1ky Ameriky Obchod s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami: M\u00f3dn\u00ed krutost Na konci 19. stolet\u00ed vedla m\u00f3da na klobouky s pta\u010d\u00edmi ozdobami ke zni\u010duj\u00edc\u00edmu obchodu…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[17281,17282,17280,17283,17284,1898,1896,267,4304],"class_list":["post-12789","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-harriet-hemenway","tag-minna-hall","tag-fashion-and-sustainability","tag-national-audubon-society","tag-plume-trade","tag-wildlife-protection","tag-bird-conservation","tag-environmentalism","tag-women-in-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12789"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12790,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12789\/revisions\/12790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12789"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}