{"id":13295,"date":"2019-09-20T10:49:52","date_gmt":"2019-09-20T10:49:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13295"},"modified":"2019-09-20T10:49:52","modified_gmt":"2019-09-20T10:49:52","slug":"wittgensteins-ghost-the-philosophical-debate-that-wont-die","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/uncategorized\/wittgensteins-ghost-the-philosophical-debate-that-wont-die\/","title":{"rendered":"Wittgenstein\u016fv duch: Filozofick\u00e1 debata, kter\u00e1 nechce zem\u0159\u00edt"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wittgenstein\u016fv duch: Filozofick\u00e1 debata, kter\u00e1 nechce zem\u0159\u00edt<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cambridgesk\u00e1 debata<\/h2>\n\n<p>V roce 1946 se dva renomovan\u00ed filozofov\u00e9, Ludwig Wittgenstein a Karl Popper, zapojili do vyhrocen\u00e9 debaty na Cambridgesk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b. Debata, kter\u00e1 trvala pouh\u00fdch deset minut, od t\u00e9 doby zaujala filozofy.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed poker<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u00dadajn\u011b b\u011bhem debaty Wittgenstein zam\u00e1val na Poppera \u017eelezn\u00fdm pokerem. P\u0159esn\u00e9 okolnosti tohoto incidentu jsou sporn\u00e9, ale stal se symbolem st\u0159etu mezi Wittgensteinov\u00fdmi a Popperov\u00fdmi my\u0161lenkami.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u00e1danka filozofie<\/h2>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein tvrdil, \u017ee se filozofie nezab\u00fdv\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm skute\u010dn\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e objas\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm jazyka, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k mluven\u00ed o sv\u011bt\u011b. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee mnoho filozofick\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f pramen\u00ed z nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed ohledn\u011b jazyka.<\/p>\n\n<p>Popper naopak v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee filozofie se m\u016f\u017ee zab\u00fdvat d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi a politick\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami. V logice vid\u011bl n\u00e1stroj k odhalen\u00ed pravdy a odhalen\u00ed nepravd.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Meze jazyka<\/h2>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee form\u00e1ln\u00ed jazyky, jako je logika a v\u011bda, nemohou pln\u011b zachytit slo\u017eitost sv\u011bta. Tvrdil, \u017ee tyto jazyky n\u00e1s \u010dasto zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed na scest\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee realit\u011b vnucuj\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e1 pravidla a rozd\u00edly.<\/p>\n\n<p>Popper v\u0161ak v logiku vkl\u00e1dal velkou d\u016fv\u011bru. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee pe\u010dlivou konstrukc\u00ed argument\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme dosp\u011bt k objektivn\u00edm pravd\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence a o\u010darov\u00e1n\u00ed inteligenc\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein\u016fv skepticismus ohledn\u011b moci jazyka m\u011bl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na oblast um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence (AI). Mnoho v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f v oblasti AI se pot\u00fdkalo se snahou vytvo\u0159it po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00e9 by skute\u010dn\u011b rozum\u011bly a uva\u017eovaly jako lid\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein tvrdil, \u017ee snaha o um\u011blou inteligenci je \u201eo\u010darov\u00e1n\u00ed inteligenc\u00ed\u201c jazykem. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010de nikdy nebudou schopny pln\u011b pochopit slo\u017eitost lidsk\u00e9ho jazyka a my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klonov\u00e1n\u00ed a nevyzpytateln\u00e9 faktory<\/h2>\n\n<p>Wittgensteinovy my\u0161lenky byly aplikov\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 na etick\u00e9 a filozofick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky klonov\u00e1n\u00ed. Klonov\u00e1n\u00ed vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 hlubok\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se identity, osobnosti a povahy lidsk\u00e9 existence.<\/p>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein\u016fv skepticismus n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee bychom m\u011bli b\u00fdt opatrn\u00ed v tvrzen\u00edch o v\u011bcech, kter\u00fdm pln\u011b nerozum\u00edme. Klonov\u00e1n\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch slo\u017eit\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek, zahrnuje nevyzpytateln\u00e9 faktory, kter\u00e9 se vzp\u00edraj\u00ed snadn\u00fdm odpov\u011bd\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Duch skepticismu<\/h2>\n\n<p>Wittgenstein\u016fv duch nad\u00e1le stra\u0161\u00ed filozofy a v\u011bdce. Jeho skeptick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup n\u00e1s vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k zpochybn\u011bn\u00ed na\u0161ich p\u0159edpoklad\u016f a uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si omezen\u00ed na\u0161ich znalost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u017delezn\u00fd poker, kter\u00fdm Wittgenstein zam\u00e1val na Poppera, se stal symbolem tohoto filozofick\u00e9ho skepticismu. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1m, \u017ee hled\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy je \u010dasto spojeno s nejistotou a \u017ee bychom nikdy nem\u011bli b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rychl\u00ed s tvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee m\u00e1me v\u0161echny odpov\u011bdi.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 body<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wittgenstein tvrdil, \u017ee by se filozofie m\u011bla zam\u011b\u0159ovat na objas\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka, nikoli na \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Popper v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee logika m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eita k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch a politick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek.<\/li>\n<li>Wittgenstein byl skeptick\u00fd ohledn\u011b schopnosti form\u00e1ln\u00edch jazyk\u016f pln\u011b zachytit slo\u017eitost sv\u011bta.<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci v oblasti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence se pot\u00fdkali se snahou vytvo\u0159it po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, kter\u00e9 by skute\u010dn\u011b rozum\u011bly a uva\u017eovaly jako lid\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Wittgensteinovy my\u0161lenky maj\u00ed d\u016fsledky pro etick\u00e9 a filozofick\u00e9 \u00favahy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se klonov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Wittgenstein\u016fv duch p\u0159edstavuje skeptick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, kter\u00fd n\u00e1s vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 ke zpochybn\u011bn\u00ed na\u0161ich p\u0159edpoklad\u016f a uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si omezen\u00ed na\u0161ich znalost\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wittgenstein\u016fv duch: Filozofick\u00e1 debata, kter\u00e1 nechce zem\u0159\u00edt Cambridgesk\u00e1 debata V roce 1946 se dva renomovan\u00ed filozofov\u00e9, Ludwig Wittgenstein a Karl Popper, zapojili do vyhrocen\u00e9 debaty na Cambridgesk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b. Debata, kter\u00e1&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[17931,98,2622,17934,17932,1254,17933],"class_list":["post-13295","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-epistemology","tag-philosophy","tag-language","tag-popper","tag-skepticism","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-wittgenstein"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13295","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13295"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13295\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13296,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13295\/revisions\/13296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13295"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13295"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13295"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}