{"id":13319,"date":"2024-09-26T16:10:23","date_gmt":"2024-09-26T16:10:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13319"},"modified":"2024-09-26T16:10:23","modified_gmt":"2024-09-26T16:10:23","slug":"fire-ants-writhing-towers-engineering-marvels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/biology\/fire-ants-writhing-towers-engineering-marvels\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak ohniv\u00ed mravenci stav\u00ed \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 klikat\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jak ohniv\u00ed mravenci stav\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00e9 klikat\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee<\/h2>\n\n

Odhalen\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed v\u011b\u017e\u00ed ohniv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Ohniv\u00ed mravenci, zn\u00e1m\u00ed svou odolnost\u00ed a p\u0159izp\u016fsobivost\u00ed, maj\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou schopnost stav\u011bt klikat\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed jako do\u010dasn\u00e9 \u00fakryty. Tyto v\u011b\u017ee, kter\u00e9 mohou dos\u00e1hnout v\u00fd\u0161ky a\u017e 30 mravenc\u016f, jsou technick\u00fdmi z\u00e1zraky, kter\u00e9 fascinuj\u00ed v\u011bdce po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

N\u00e1hodn\u00fd objev: Neust\u00e1l\u00fd pohyb v\u011b\u017ee<\/h2>\n\n

T\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f na Georgia Tech narazil na pozoruhodn\u00fd objev, kdy\u017e studoval ohniv\u00e9 mravence stav\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed v\u011b\u017e. P\u016fvodn\u011b zam\u00fd\u0161leli zaznamenat pouze dv\u011b hodiny procesu, ale jejich kamera omylem zachytila t\u0159i hodiny z\u00e1znamu.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159i prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1znamu si v\u0161imli ne\u010dekan\u00e9ho jevu: v\u011b\u017e byla v neust\u00e1l\u00e9m, by\u0165 pomal\u00e9m pohybu. Sloup mravenc\u016f se pomalu propadal a p\u0159ipom\u00ednal rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 m\u00e1slo.<\/p>\n\n

Rentgenov\u00e1 videografie: Osv\u011btlen\u00ed dynamiky v\u011b\u017ee<\/h2>\n\n

Aby v\u011bdci l\u00e9pe porozum\u011bli dynamice v\u011b\u017ee, nakrmili n\u011bkter\u00e9 mravence vodou s p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed radioaktivn\u00edho j\u00f3du. Pomoc\u00ed rentgenov\u00e9 videografie potvrdili, \u017ee mravenci na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b v\u011b\u017ee lezli kolem, zat\u00edmco Eiffelova v\u011b\u017e se postupn\u011b propadala.<\/p>\n\n

Pravidla chov\u00e1n\u00ed: Stavebn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy mravenc\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Na rozd\u00edl od lid\u00ed se ohniv\u00ed mravenci nespol\u00e9haj\u00ed na slo\u017eit\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny nebo veden\u00ed, kdy\u017e stav\u00ed sv\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee. M\u00edsto toho n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed sadu jednoduch\u00fdch behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch pravidel, podobn\u00fdch t\u011bm, kter\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke stavb\u011b vor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd mravenec leze po t\u011blech sv\u00fdch druh\u016f, dokud nenajde voln\u00e9 m\u00edsto, a pot\u00e9 se p\u0159ipoj\u00ed k v\u011b\u017ei. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ichni mravenci n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed tato pravidla, spole\u010dn\u011b vytvo\u0159\u00ed v\u011b\u017e se silnou z\u00e1kladnou, kter\u00e1 se postupn\u011b zu\u017euje sm\u011brem k vrcholu.<\/p>\n\n

Klesaj\u00edc\u00ed struktura: Dynamick\u00e1 rovnov\u00e1ha<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011b\u017e kles\u00e1, proto\u017ee mravenci dole nakonec podlehnou v\u00e1ze konstrukce. Opu\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed svou pozici, \u0161plhaj\u00ed po stran\u00e1ch a najdou nov\u00e9 m\u00edsto naho\u0159e. Tento proces se neust\u00e1le opakuje a p\u0159estavuje v\u011b\u017e zespodu nahoru.<\/p>\n\n

“Zbytek v\u011b\u017ee se postupn\u011b propad\u00e1, zat\u00edmco mravenci naho\u0159e ji neust\u00e1le buduj\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161 a v\u00fd\u0161,” \u0159ekl v\u011bdec Craig Tovey. “Je to docela z\u00e1bavn\u00e9.”<\/p>\n\n

Tolerance v\u00e1hy: Mravenci jako konstruk\u010dn\u00ed podp\u011bry<\/h2>\n\n

V dal\u0161\u00edm experimentu v\u011bdci um\u00edstili na mravence pr\u016fhledn\u00e9 plastov\u00e9 desky. Zjistili, \u017ee mravenci unesou asi 750n\u00e1sobek sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e9 hmotnosti. V praxi v\u0161ak mravenci d\u00e1vali p\u0159ednost tomu, aby nesli v\u00e1hu pouze t\u0159\u00ed druh\u016f. Pokud v\u00e1ha p\u0159ekro\u010dila tuto hranici, opustili svou pozici ve v\u011b\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n

Mraven\u010d\u00ed mosty: P\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed propast\u00ed t\u00fdmovou prac\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Ohniv\u00ed mravenci tak\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed pozoruhodnou t\u00fdmovou pr\u00e1ci p\u0159i stavb\u011b most\u016f, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00fdch p\u0159ekon\u00e1vaj\u00ed propasti. Tyto mosty jim umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky a dos\u00e1hnout nov\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Implikace pro modul\u00e1rn\u00ed roboty<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee studium chov\u00e1n\u00ed ohniv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f by mohlo poskytnout cenn\u00e9 poznatky pro n\u00e1vrh modul\u00e1rn\u00edch robot\u016f. Tito roboti by mohli vyu\u017e\u00edvat jednoduch\u00e1 behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed pravidla ke spolupr\u00e1ci a pln\u011bn\u00ed \u00fakol\u016f, jako je pohyb v \u00fazk\u00fdch prostorech z\u0159\u00edcen\u00fdch budov b\u011bhem z\u00e1chrann\u00fdch mis\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Stejn\u011b jako mravenci by se mohli spojovat, aby p\u0159ekonali mezery, nebo tvo\u0159it v\u011b\u017ee, aby p\u0159ekonali p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky. Vyu\u017eit\u00edm princip\u016f chov\u00e1n\u00ed ohniv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f by se modul\u00e1rn\u00ed roboti mohli st\u00e1t univerz\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi v r\u016fzn\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak ohniv\u00ed mravenci stav\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00e9 klikat\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee Odhalen\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed v\u011b\u017e\u00ed ohniv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f Ohniv\u00ed mravenci, zn\u00e1m\u00ed svou odolnost\u00ed a p\u0159izp\u016fsobivost\u00ed, maj\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou schopnost stav\u011bt klikat\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed jako do\u010dasn\u00e9 \u00fakryty.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24456,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[83,309,82,17965,17963,17964],"class_list":["post-13319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biology","tag-biomimicry","tag-animal-behavior","tag-engineering","tag-modular-robots","tag-fire-ants","tag-writhing-towers"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13319"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13319\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24457,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13319\/revisions\/24457"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24456"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13319"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13319"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}