{"id":13406,"date":"2024-07-19T12:01:54","date_gmt":"2024-07-19T12:01:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13406"},"modified":"2024-07-19T12:01:54","modified_gmt":"2024-07-19T12:01:54","slug":"origins-of-domesticated-animals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/zoology\/origins-of-domesticated-animals\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u016fvod domestikovan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at: Cesta d\u011bjinami na\u0161eho vztahu"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u016fvod domestikovan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at<\/h2>\n\n

Psi: Nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtel \u010dlov\u011bka<\/h2>\n\n

Psi, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze \u0161ed\u00fdch vlk\u016f, jsou na\u0161imi v\u011brn\u00fdmi spole\u010dn\u00edky po tis\u00edce let. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 ps\u00ed fosilie poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z doby p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 31 000 lety, ale genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee modern\u00ed psi maj\u00ed p\u016fvod na St\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdchod\u011b. Zat\u00edmco starobyl\u00e1 plemena ps\u016f, jako je afgh\u00e1nsk\u00fd chrt a \u010dau-\u010dau, existuj\u00ed ji\u017e tis\u00edce let, v\u011bt\u0161ina modern\u00edch plemen vznikla v viktori\u00e1nsk\u00e9 \u00e9\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n

Kozy: Z hor na farmu<\/h2>\n\n

Kozy maj\u00ed r\u016fznorod\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed se \u0161esti mate\u0159sk\u00fdmi liniemi. V\u011bt\u0161ina domestikovan\u00fdch koz dnes v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee vysledovat sv\u00e9 p\u0159edky ke dv\u011bma domestika\u010dn\u00edm ud\u00e1lostem: jedn\u00e9 v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edm Turecku a druh\u00e9 v poho\u0159\u00ed Zagros. Genetick\u00e9 studie nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny modern\u00ed kozy poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z Turecka.<\/p>\n\n

Ovce: Z\u00e1klad civilizace<\/h2>\n\n

Ovce byly spole\u010dn\u011b s kozami jedny z prvn\u00edch domestikovan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at s p\u016fvodem sahaj\u00edc\u00edm 11 000 let zp\u011bt. P\u016fvodn\u011b byly chov\u00e1ny pro maso, pozd\u011bji byly cen\u011bny pro svou vlnu. Archeologick\u00e9 a genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy ukazuj\u00ed na \u00darodn\u00fd p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edc jako jejich rodi\u0161t\u011b, ale \u010detn\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 linie nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee k domestikaci do\u0161lo n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t z r\u016fzn\u00fdch divok\u00fdch ovc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Kr\u00e1vy: Zdroj ob\u017eivy<\/h2>\n\n

Domestikovan\u00fd skot se vyskytuje ve dvou hlavn\u00edch variant\u00e1ch: taurin a zebu. Taurinsk\u00fd skot, kter\u00fd se vyskytuje v chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch podneb\u00edch, poch\u00e1z\u00ed z \u00darodn\u00e9ho p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edce. V\u00fdzkum nazna\u010duje, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u00ed populace sest\u00e1vala pouze z 80 krav. Skot zebu s jejich v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi hrby m\u00e1 sv\u00e9 ko\u0159eny v \u00fadol\u00ed Indu v Indii.<\/p>\n\n

Prasata: Glob\u00e1ln\u00ed kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 pochoutka<\/h2>\n\n

Prasata byla domestikov\u00e1na n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t v r\u016fzn\u00fdch regionech. Nejd\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z Kypru, kde byla divok\u00e1 prasata introdukov\u00e1na p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 12 000 lety. Pln\u011b domestikovan\u00e1 prasata se objevila v \u00darodn\u00e9m p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edci p\u0159ed 9 000 lety. Genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00e9 domestika\u010dn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii, jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii, Indii a Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

Kon\u011b: Od step\u00ed k sedlu<\/h2>\n\n

Kon\u011b byli poprv\u00e9 ocho\u010deni na z\u00e1padn\u00ed eurasijsk\u00e9 stepi. Fosiln\u00ed d\u016fkazy z Kazachst\u00e1nu, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z doby 3 500 p\u0159. n. l., vykazuj\u00ed zn\u00e1mky postroje a konzumace ko\u0148sk\u00e9ho ml\u00e9ka. Chemick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza zbytk\u016f keramiky potvrzuje z\u00e1vislost Botajsk\u00e9 kultury na kon\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n

Osli: Pomoc v obchodu a p\u0159eprav\u011b<\/h2>\n\n

Osli maj\u00ed dv\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 skupiny, co\u017e nazna\u010duje dv\u011b samostatn\u00e9 domestika\u010dn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti v severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Africe zhruba p\u0159ed 5 000 lety. Anal\u00fdza DNA identifikovala n\u00fabijsk\u00e9ho divok\u00e9ho osla jako p\u0159edka jedn\u00e9 skupiny, ale p\u016fvod druh\u00e9 skupiny z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nezn\u00e1m\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n

Role St\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdchodu a \u00darodn\u00e9ho p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edce<\/h2>\n\n

St\u0159edn\u00ed v\u00fdchod a \u00darodn\u00fd p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edc sehr\u00e1ly \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli v domestikaci zv\u00ed\u0159at. Oblast byla domovem prvn\u00edch domestika\u010dn\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed ps\u016f, koz a skotu. \u00darodn\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a bl\u00edzkost lidsk\u00fdch s\u00eddel usnadnily rozvoj \u00fazk\u00fdch vztah\u016f mezi lidmi a zv\u00ed\u0159aty.<\/p>\n\n

Genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy: Odhalen\u00ed minulosti<\/h2>\n\n

Genetick\u00e9 studie byly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro pochopen\u00ed procesu domestikace. Anal\u00fdzou DNA domestikovan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at a jejich divok\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f v\u011bdci identifikovali genetick\u00e9 linie a vysledovali jejich p\u016fvod. Tyto d\u016fkazy vrhly sv\u011btlo na \u010detn\u00e9 domestika\u010dn\u00ed ud\u00e1losti a genetickou rozmanitost domestikovan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n\n

Botajsk\u00e1 kultura a domestikace kon\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Botajsk\u00e1 kultura, kter\u00e1 ob\u00fdvala Kazachst\u00e1n v dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9, hr\u00e1la kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v domestikaci kon\u00ed. Fosiln\u00ed d\u016fkazy, po\u0161kozen\u00ed zub\u016f kon\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 postrojem a chemick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza keramiky nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee Botajci byli na kon\u00edch velmi z\u00e1visl\u00ed, a to pro p\u0159epravu i ob\u017eivu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u016fvod domestikovan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at Psi: Nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtel \u010dlov\u011bka Psi, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze \u0161ed\u00fdch vlk\u016f, jsou na\u0161imi v\u011brn\u00fdmi spole\u010dn\u00edky po tis\u00edce let. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 ps\u00ed fosilie poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z doby p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 31…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23904,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[280],"tags":[18073,18072,136,188,27,18075,16203,18076,5153,18074,3196],"class_list":["post-13406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zoology","tag-cows","tag-animal-domestication","tag-evolution","tag-genetics","tag-history","tag-horses","tag-goats","tag-donkeys","tag-sheep","tag-pigs","tag-dogs"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13406"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13406\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13407,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13406\/revisions\/13407"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23904"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}