{"id":13420,"date":"2023-05-21T10:29:03","date_gmt":"2023-05-21T10:29:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13420"},"modified":"2023-05-21T10:29:03","modified_gmt":"2023-05-21T10:29:03","slug":"the-invention-of-the-alphabet-a-paradox-of-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/archaeology\/the-invention-of-the-alphabet-a-paradox-of-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Vyn\u00e1lez abecedy: Historick\u00fd paradox"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vyn\u00e1lez abecedy: Paradox historie<\/h2>\n\n

Z\u00e1hada Serabit el-Khadim<\/h2>\n\n

Na odlehl\u00e9m Sinajsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b, na v\u011btrem o\u0161lehan\u00e9 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b zvan\u00e9 Serabit el-Khadim, le\u017e\u00ed paradox historick\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f. P\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 000 lety vytesala na st\u011bny starov\u011bk\u00e9ho dolu z\u00e1hadn\u00e1 skupina v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed pokusy o revolu\u010dn\u00ed koncept: abecedu.<\/p>\n\n

Hieroglyfy a zrod my\u0161lenky<\/h2>\n\n

Stovky let p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161 putoval po Sinaji, se egyptsk\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy vyd\u00e1valy do tohoto regionu bohat\u00e9ho na nerostn\u00e9 suroviny hledat tyrkys. V srdci t\u00e9to aktivity st\u00e1l chr\u00e1m zasv\u011bcen\u00fd bohyni Hathor, jeho\u017e st\u011bny zdobily slo\u017eit\u00e9 hieroglyfy.<\/p>\n\n

Uprost\u0159ed t\u011bchto hieroglyf\u016f byla skupina kana\u00e1nsk\u00fdch horn\u00edk\u016f, p\u0159itahovan\u00e1 v\u00fdnosn\u00fdmi nalezi\u0161ti tyrkysu, sv\u011bdkem s\u00edly psan\u00e9 komunikace. Inspirov\u00e1ni obrazov\u00fdmi symboly je za\u010dali p\u0159em\u011b\u0148ovat na jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a univerz\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd by dok\u00e1zal zachytit zvuky jejich vlastn\u00edho jazyka.<\/p>\n\n

Kana\u00e1n\u0161t\u00ed horn\u00edci: Nezn\u00e1m\u00ed vyn\u00e1lezci<\/h2>\n\n

Tradi\u010dn\u011b se u\u010denci domn\u00edvali, \u017ee abecedu vytvo\u0159ili vysoce vzd\u011blan\u00ed p\u00edsa\u0159i. Ned\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum egyptolo\u017eky Orly Goldwasserov\u00e9 v\u0161ak tuto p\u0159edstavu zpochyb\u0148uje. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee to byli pr\u00e1v\u011b negramotn\u00ed kana\u00e1n\u0161t\u00ed horn\u00edci, neschopn\u00ed rozlu\u0161tit hieroglyfy, kdo u\u010dinili tento pr\u016flomov\u00fd objev.<\/p>\n\n

N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd ritu\u00e1l a pot\u0159eba komunikovat<\/h2>\n\n

Po celodenn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci se kana\u00e1n\u0161t\u00ed horn\u00edci shrom\u00e1\u017edili v chr\u00e1mov\u00e9m komplexu Hathor. Jako sv\u011bdci n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch ritu\u00e1l\u016f a bezpo\u010dtu hieroglyf\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bohyn\u011b byli inspirov\u00e1ni k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vlastn\u00edch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch invokac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Bez omezen\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed vymysleli abecedu, kter\u00e1 byla praktick\u00e1, \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 a p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e1 v\u0161em. Tato abeceda, odvozen\u00e1 z jejich vlastn\u00edho semitsk\u00e9ho jazyka, se nakonec stala z\u00e1kladem na\u0161ich modern\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f psan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

\u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed abecedy<\/h2>\n\n

Po stalet\u00ed z\u016fstala abeceda omezena na kulturn\u00ed periferii St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed a objevovala se pouze na p\u0159edm\u011btech, jako jsou d\u00fdky a keramika. Kolem roku 1200 p\u0159. n. l. v\u0161ak s politick\u00fdmi p\u0159evraty pozdn\u00ed doby bronzov\u00e9 za\u010dala abeceda vzkv\u00e9tat.<\/p>\n\n

S n\u00e1stupem men\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f v Kana\u00e1nu se semitsk\u00e9 abecedy odvozen\u00e9 z dol\u016f na Sinaji roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily. Kana\u00e1n\u0161t\u00ed obchodn\u00edci p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161eli abecedu spolu se sv\u00fdm zbo\u017e\u00edm a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ili ji od Turecka po \u0160pan\u011blsko.<\/p>\n\n

F\u00e9ni\u010dt\u00ed d\u011bdicov\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n

Kana\u00e1nsk\u00e1 abeceda se \u010dasem vyvinula ve f\u00e9nickou abecedu, kter\u00e1 se stala z\u00e1kladem \u0159eck\u00e9 a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 abecedy. Tyto abecedy zase daly vzniknout v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u00edsem pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

Paradox gramotnosti a negramotnosti<\/h2>\n\n

Vyn\u00e1lez abecedy negramotn\u00fdmi kana\u00e1nsk\u00fdmi horn\u00edky p\u0159edstavuje fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed paradox. Jeden z nejhlub\u0161\u00edch intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdtvor\u016f civilizace nevznikl od vzd\u011blan\u00e9 elity, ale od d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli obvykle vylou\u010deni z p\u00edsemn\u00e9ho slova.<\/p>\n\n

Trval\u00e1 s\u00edla piktogram\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Goldwasserov\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee \u00fazk\u00e9 spojen\u00ed mezi piktogramy a textem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u0159ejm\u00e9 i v na\u0161\u00ed modern\u00ed dob\u011b. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed emod\u017ei v digit\u00e1ln\u00ed komunikaci dokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee se i nad\u00e1le spol\u00e9h\u00e1me na vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed symboly k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdznamu. Stejn\u011b jako kana\u00e1n\u0161t\u00ed horn\u00edci \u010derpali inspiraci z hieroglyf\u016f, i my se sna\u017e\u00edme za\u010dlenit obrazy do na\u0161eho psan\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p>\n\n

D\u011bdictv\u00ed abecedy<\/h2>\n\n

Abeceda zp\u016fsobila revoluci v lidsk\u00e9 komunikaci a \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed znalost\u00ed. Od star\u00fdch Egyp\u0165an\u016f a\u017e po modern\u00ed sv\u011bt n\u00e1m umo\u017enila zaznamen\u00e1vat na\u0161i historii, sd\u00edlet na\u0161e my\u0161lenky a spojovat se p\u0159es velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti.<\/p>\n\n

Vyn\u00e1lez abecedy, zrozen\u00fd z paradoxu gramotnosti a negramotnosti, stoj\u00ed jako sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o schopnosti lidsk\u00e9ho ducha inovovat a p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat omezen\u00ed sv\u00e9 doby. Jeho trval\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed i dnes utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 sv\u011bt.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vyn\u00e1lez abecedy: Paradox historie Z\u00e1hada Serabit el-Khadim Na odlehl\u00e9m Sinajsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b, na v\u011btrem o\u0161lehan\u00e9 n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b zvan\u00e9 Serabit el-Khadim, le\u017e\u00ed paradox historick\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f. P\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 000 lety vytesala…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[4546,848,1701,850,18100,18099,18101,6367],"class_list":["post-13420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-alphabet","tag-egyptology","tag-literacy","tag-hieroglyphics","tag-history-of-writing","tag-canaanites","tag-pictograms","tag-sinai-peninsula"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13420","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13420"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13420\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13421,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13420\/revisions\/13421"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13420"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13420"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13420"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}