{"id":1363,"date":"2021-07-22T19:12:48","date_gmt":"2021-07-22T19:12:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=1363"},"modified":"2021-07-22T19:12:48","modified_gmt":"2021-07-22T19:12:48","slug":"medieval-ink-pen-discovery-reveals-surprising-literacy-in-ireland","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/life\/history\/medieval-ink-pen-discovery-reveals-surprising-literacy-in-ireland\/","title":{"rendered":"Objev nejstar\u0161\u00edho pera v Irsku odhaluje p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b vysokou gramotnost"},"content":{"rendered":"

Objev nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho pera v Irsku odhaluje p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b vysokou gramotnost<\/h2>\n\n

Objev nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho pera v Irsku<\/h2>\n\n

Archeologov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed zkoumaj\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bkou kamennou pevnost v z\u00e1padn\u00edm Irsku, u\u010dinili pr\u016flomov\u00fd objev \u2013 nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 pero, kter\u00e9 bylo kdy v zemi nalezeno. Psac\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, vyroben\u00fd z dut\u00e9 kosti s hrotem z m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 slitiny (hrot pera), byl vykop\u00e1n ve vrstv\u011b sedimentu z 11. stolet\u00ed v Caherconnell Cashel v hrabstv\u00ed Clare.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam pera<\/h2>\n\n

Tento objev je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, proto\u017ee gramotnost v Irsku byla v tomto obdob\u00ed obecn\u011b spojov\u00e1na s k\u0159es\u0165anskou c\u00edrkv\u00ed. Pero bylo v\u0161ak nalezeno v sekul\u00e1rn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee gramotnost mohla b\u00fdt roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo.<\/p>\n\n

Konstrukce a pou\u017eit\u00ed pera<\/h2>\n\n

Konstrukce pera se li\u0161\u00ed od hus\u00edch brk, kter\u00e1 b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali gramotn\u00ed lid\u00e9 ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. Historik a kaligraf Tim O’Neill nazna\u010duje, \u017ee mohlo b\u00fdt pou\u017eito ke kreslen\u00ed jemn\u00fdch \u010dar, jako je kreslen\u00ed rovn\u00fdch \u010dar k ohrani\u010den\u00ed str\u00e1nky.<\/p>\n\n

D\u016fkaz sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed gramotnosti<\/h2>\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed objevy u\u010din\u011bn\u00e9 v pevnosti, jako jsou d\u016fkazy o jemn\u00e9m \u0159emesln\u00e9m zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, pr\u00e1ci s kovy, hr\u00e1ch a hudb\u011b, podporuj\u00ed teorii, \u017ee pero bylo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1no pro sekul\u00e1rn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely. V\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee mohlo b\u00fdt pou\u017eito k zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rodinn\u00fdch lini\u00ed a obchodn\u00edch transakc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi pery<\/h2>\n\n

A\u010dkoli je tento artefakt nejstar\u0161\u00edm kompletn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem kompozitn\u00edho pera nalezen\u00e9ho na Britsk\u00fdch ostrovech, v\u011bdci maj\u00ed znalosti jak o star\u0161\u00edch, tak o nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch souvisej\u00edc\u00edch proveden\u00edch. B\u011bhem \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 okupace Brit\u00e1nie lid\u00e9 n\u011bkdy pou\u017e\u00edvali pera vyroben\u00e1 v\u00fdhradn\u011b z m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 slitiny. V Anglii archeologov\u00e9 tak\u00e9 na\u0161li hroty per z m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 slitiny bez kost\u011bn\u00fdch d\u0159\u00edk\u016f a naopak, obvykle datovan\u00e9 do obdob\u00ed mezi 13. a 16. stolet\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n

Testov\u00e1n\u00ed funk\u010dnosti pera<\/h2>\n\n

Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit, zda mohl b\u00fdt artefakt skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017eit k psan\u00ed, zkonstruoval archeolog Adam Parsons z Blueaxe Reproductions repliku. Testy potvrdily, \u017ee by p\u0159edm\u011bt fungoval jako plnic\u00ed pero.<\/p>\n\n

Historick\u00fd kontext: Kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00ed gramotnost v Irsku<\/h2>\n\n

V ran\u00e9m st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9m Irsku bylo psan\u00ed nezbytnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edho \u017eivota. P\u00edsa\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed byli vyu\u010deni opisov\u00e1n\u00edm pr\u00e1ce sv\u00fdch mentor\u016f, zaznamen\u00e1vali slova na voskov\u00e9 tabulky kovov\u00fdm rydlem. Postupem \u010dasu p\u0159e\u0161li p\u00edsa\u0159i na pero a pergamen a pou\u017e\u00edvali hus\u00ed brk k opisov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f nebo k psan\u00ed vlastn\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n

Odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed minulosti Burrenu<\/h2>\n\n

Caherconnell Cashel je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed regionu zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako Burren pod\u00e9l z\u00e1padn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Irska. Vykop\u00e1vky na tomto m\u00edst\u011b odhalily nejen poz\u016fstatky st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho s\u00eddla, ale tak\u00e9 artefakty datovan\u00e9 a\u017e do obdob\u00ed neolitu. Tyto objevy poskytuj\u00ed cenn\u00e9 poznatky o v\u00fdvoji \u017eivota v \u010d\u00e1sti Irska, kter\u00e1 byla do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry nedot\u010dena invazivn\u00edmi skupinami, jako byli Vikingov\u00e9 a Anglo-Norman\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n

Prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a budouc\u00ed objevy<\/h2>\n\n

\u010casopis Archaeology Ireland zve\u0159ejnil \u00faplnou zpr\u00e1vu o objevu pera ve sv\u00e9m zimn\u00edm vyd\u00e1n\u00ed z roku 2021. V\u011bdci artefakt a nalezi\u0161t\u011b Caherconnell Cashel d\u00e1le studuj\u00ed v nad\u011bji, \u017ee odhal\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b pokro\u010dil\u00e9 gramotnosti v Irsku 11. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Objev nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho pera v Irsku odhaluje p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b vysokou gramotnost Objev nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho pera v Irsku Archeologov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed zkoumaj\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bkou kamennou pevnost v z\u00e1padn\u00edm Irsku, u\u010dinili pr\u016flomov\u00fd objev \u2013 nejstar\u0161\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[767],"tags":[88,1701,3051,873,1026],"class_list":["post-1363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history","tag-archaeology","tag-literacy","tag-irish-heritage","tag-writing","tag-medieval-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1363"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1364,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1363\/revisions\/1364"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}