{"id":1377,"date":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=1377"},"modified":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","modified_gmt":"2020-01-29T03:27:07","slug":"alcoholism-in-post-revolution-america-the-legacy-of-benjamin-rush","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/medicine\/alcoholism-in-post-revolution-america-the-legacy-of-benjamin-rush\/","title":{"rendered":"Alkoholismus v Americe po revoluci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alkoholismus v Americe po revoluci<\/h2>\n\n

Po revolu\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lce pili Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 alkohol v ohromuj\u00edc\u00edch mno\u017estv\u00edch. Tvrd\u00e9 destil\u00e1ty z prvn\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch pal\u00edren nahradily cider a piva, obl\u00edben\u00e9 n\u00e1poje koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010das\u016f. Do roku 1830 spot\u0159eboval ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk v pr\u016fm\u011bru v\u00edce ne\u017e sedm galon\u016f alkoholu ro\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee alkohol m\u00e1 l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed hore\u010dk\u00e1m a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 tr\u00e1ven\u00ed. Podle historika a spoluautora knihy Drinking in America<\/em> Marka Lendera: \u201ePokud jste nepili, ohro\u017eovali jste sv\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

Benjamin Rush a hnut\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddmosti<\/h2>\n\n

Benjamin Rush, signat\u00e1\u0159 Deklarace nez\u00e1vislosti a v\u00fdznamn\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159, se stal p\u0159edn\u00edm zast\u00e1ncem st\u0159\u00eddmosti. Ve sv\u00e9m eseji z roku 1785 \u201eAn Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind\u201c Rush nast\u00ednil nebezpe\u010d\u00ed zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alkoholu.<\/p>\n\n

Aby ilustroval sv\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, vytvo\u0159il Rush \u201eMor\u00e1ln\u00ed a fyzick\u00fd teplom\u011br\u201c, kter\u00fd zobrazoval zdravotn\u00ed probl\u00e9my, trestnou \u010dinnost a tresty spojen\u00e9 s nadm\u011brn\u00fdm pit\u00edm. Pun\u010d mohl nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00e9st k zah\u00e1lce, nemoci a dluh\u016fm. Konzumace ginu, brandy a rumu byla spojov\u00e1na s vra\u017edou, \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00edm a \u0161ibenic\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Rush\u016fv my\u0161lenky se zpo\u010d\u00e1tku setkaly se skepticismem, ale jeho esej se stala bestsellerem. L\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 obec postupn\u011b uznala chronick\u00e9 opilstv\u00ed jako nemoc a Rushovo my\u0161len\u00ed ovlivnilo hnut\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddmosti ve 20. letech 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Hnut\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddmosti a prohibice<\/h2>\n\n

Ran\u00ed zast\u00e1nci st\u0159\u00eddmosti p\u0159ijali Rush\u016fv my\u0161lenky a varovali p\u0159ed destilovan\u00fdmi lihovinami, zat\u00edmco tolerovali m\u00edrnou konzumaci piva, cideru a v\u00edna. Rozd\u00edl mezi tvrd\u00fdmi lihovinami a jin\u00fdmi alkoholick\u00fdmi n\u00e1poji v\u0161ak postupem \u010dasu vyprchal, proto\u017ee hnut\u00ed prosazovalo \u00faplnou abstinenci od alkoholu.<\/p>\n\n

Prohibice, kter\u00e1 zakazovala v\u00fdrobu, prodej, dovoz a p\u0159epravu alkoholu, vstoupila v platnost v roce 1920. 21. dodatek zru\u0161il prohibici v roce 1933.<\/p>\n\n

Pojem z\u00e1vislosti<\/h2>\n\n

My\u0161lenky Benjamina Rushe polo\u017eily z\u00e1klad pro na\u0161e modern\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1vykov\u00fdch l\u00e1tek m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k fyzick\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti a \u017ee l\u00e1tka, nikoli jedinec, ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n\n

Rush\u016fv koncept z\u00e1vislosti jako nemoci ovlivnil v\u00fdvoj l\u00e9\u010debn\u00fdch program\u016f pro z\u00e1vislost a uzn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti jako z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Konzumace alkoholu dnes<\/h2>\n\n

Odkaz hnut\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddmosti a prohibice nad\u00e1le utv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 postoj ke konzumaci alkoholu i dnes. P\u0159esto\u017ee je alkohol \u0161iroce dostupn\u00fd, nadm\u011brn\u00e9 pit\u00ed alkoholu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem.<\/p>\n\n

Podle N\u00e1rodn\u00edho institutu pro zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alkoholu a alkoholismus trp\u00ed poruchou u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alkoholu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 14,5 milionu dosp\u011bl\u00fdch ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alkoholu m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k \u0159ad\u011b zdravotn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b onemocn\u011bn\u00ed jater, srde\u010dn\u00edch chorob a rakoviny.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Historie alkoholismu v Americe je slo\u017eit\u00e1 a mnohostrann\u00e1. Od nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho pit\u00ed v porevolu\u010dn\u00ed \u00e9\u0159e a\u017e po hnut\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddmosti a prohibici se n\u00e1\u0161 postoj k alkoholu v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu vyv\u00edjel.<\/p>\n\n

Pr\u016fkopnick\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce Benjamina Rushe o \u00fa\u010dinc\u00edch zneu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed alkoholu polo\u017eila z\u00e1klad pro na\u0161e modern\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vislosti. Jeho my\u0161lenky nad\u00e1le ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dbu a prevenci z\u00e1vislost\u00ed dodnes.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alkoholismus v Americe po revoluci Po revolu\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lce pili Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 alkohol v ohromuj\u00edc\u00edch mno\u017estv\u00edch. Tvrd\u00e9 destil\u00e1ty z prvn\u00edch n\u00e1rodn\u00edch pal\u00edren nahradily cider a piva, obl\u00edben\u00e9 n\u00e1poje koloni\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010das\u016f. Do roku…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[359],"tags":[1919,3075,3076,1129,3077,178],"class_list":["post-1377","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-medicine","tag-alcoholism","tag-benjamin-rush","tag-history-of-alcohol","tag-medicine","tag-temperance-movement","tag-public-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1377"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1378,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1377\/revisions\/1378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1377"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1377"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1377"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}