{"id":13819,"date":"2023-06-29T14:27:14","date_gmt":"2023-06-29T14:27:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=13819"},"modified":"2023-06-29T14:27:14","modified_gmt":"2023-06-29T14:27:14","slug":"human-evolution-and-the-art-of-boxing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/evolutionary-biology\/human-evolution-and-the-art-of-boxing\/","title":{"rendered":"Lidsk\u00e1 evoluce a um\u011bn\u00ed boxu: Role vnitrodruhov\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lidsk\u00e1 evoluce a um\u011bn\u00ed boxu<\/h2>\n\n

Role vnitrodruhov\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Antropologov\u00e9 a evolu\u010dn\u00ed biologov\u00e9 se ji\u017e dlouho sna\u017e\u00ed porozum\u011bt nejen tomu, jak a kdy se lid\u00e9 vyvinuli, ale tak\u00e9 pro\u010d jsme takov\u00ed, jac\u00ed jsme. Jedna slibn\u00e1 teorie nazna\u010duje, \u017ee vnitrodruhov\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed \u2013 boje mezi \u010dleny t\u00e9ho\u017e druhu \u2013 sehr\u00e1lo v\u00fdznamnou roli p\u0159i utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 evoluce.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj lidsk\u00e9 tv\u00e1\u0159e<\/h2>\n\n

Biolog David Carrier z University of Utah se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee tv\u00e1\u0159e ran\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f se vyvinuly tak, aby l\u00e9pe odol\u00e1valy \u00fader\u016fm do obli\u010deje. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee mu\u017ei, kte\u0159\u00ed se \u010dast\u011bji \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed fyzick\u00fdch poty\u010dek, vyvinuli siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010delistn\u00ed svaly a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kosti, aby se ochr\u00e1nili p\u0159ed zran\u011bn\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n

D\u016fkazy z obli\u010dejov\u00fdch kost\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Carrierovu teorii podporuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy z obli\u010dejov\u00fdch kost\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f. Kosti, kter\u00e9 se b\u011bhem boje nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bji zlom\u00ed, jako je \u010delist, l\u00edcn\u00ed kosti, o\u010dnice a nos, vykazuj\u00ed u australopithek\u016f, na\u0161ich ran\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f, zn\u00e1mky evolu\u010dn\u00edho zes\u00edlen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Rozd\u00edly mezi mu\u017ei a \u017eenami<\/h2>\n\n

Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee tyto obli\u010dejov\u00e9 kosti tak\u00e9 vykazuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi mu\u017ei a \u017eenami, stejn\u011b jako mezi mu\u017esk\u00fdmi a \u017eensk\u00fdmi p\u0159edky. Tento vzorec nazna\u010duje, \u017ee se tyto kosti vyvinuly jako forma obrann\u00e9ho brn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 chr\u00e1n\u00ed mu\u017ee p\u0159ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm rizikem zran\u011bn\u00ed spojen\u00fdm s bojem.<\/p>\n\n

Souvislost s v\u00fdvojem ruky<\/h2>\n\n

Carrierova teorie o v\u00fdvoji obli\u010deje \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s jeho d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzkumem v\u00fdvoje ruky. On a jeho kolega Michael Morgan navrhli, \u017ee zm\u011bny na lidsk\u00fdch rukou v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu umo\u017enily rozvoj siln\u00e9ho \u00faderu. Tato hypot\u00e9za, a\u010dkoli kontroverzn\u00ed, poskytuje mo\u017en\u00e9 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed pro v\u00fdvoj obli\u010dejov\u00fdch kost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed odolat \u00fader\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

Evolu\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1vody ve zbrojen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Carrier a Morgan tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1chylnost k boxu s hol\u00fdma rukama u lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f vyvolala evolu\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1vody ve zbrojen\u00ed mezi jejich rukama a obli\u010deji. Jak se ruce st\u00e1valy zru\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi v zad\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fader\u016f, obli\u010deje se vyv\u00edjely tak, aby se l\u00e9pe chr\u00e1nily p\u0159ed zran\u011bn\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n

Kritika a kontroverze<\/h2>\n\n

Carrierovy v\u00fdzkumy o v\u00fdvoji ruky i obli\u010deje se v r\u00e1mci v\u011bdeck\u00e9 obce setkaly s jistou kritikou. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee p\u011bstn\u00ed souboje byly hlavn\u00edm hybatelem lidsk\u00e9 evoluce. D\u016fkazy podporuj\u00edc\u00ed Carrierovu teorii v\u0161ak nad\u00e1le p\u0159ib\u00fdvaj\u00ed a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divou hypot\u00e9zou pro pochopen\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed na\u0161eho druhu.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam vnitrodruhov\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Teorie, \u017ee vnitrodruhov\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed hr\u00e1lo roli v lidsk\u00e9 evoluci, zd\u016fraz\u0148uje slo\u017eitou a mnohostrannou povahu na\u0161\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed historie. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj na\u0161ich fyzick\u00fdch a behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch znak\u016f ovliv\u0148ovaly nejen tlaky prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed interakce.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj obrann\u00fdch struktur<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj obli\u010dejov\u00fdch kost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed odolat \u00fader\u016fm, poskytuje fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad toho, jak p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fdhod\u0148ovat vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 zvy\u0161uj\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a reproduk\u010dn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch. Tyto obrann\u00e9 struktury umo\u017enily lidem zapojit se do fyzick\u00fdch poty\u010dek s men\u0161\u00edm rizikem v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9ho zran\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Implikace pro lidsk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Carrierovy v\u00fdzkumy maj\u00ed d\u016fsledky pro na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na agrese a n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1chylnost k z\u00e1pasen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt hlubok\u00e9 evolu\u010dn\u00ed ko\u0159eny a \u017ee i dnes nad\u00e1le ovliv\u0148uje na\u0161e soci\u00e1ln\u00ed interakce.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Studium lidsk\u00e9 evoluce je neust\u00e1l\u00fd proces a neust\u00e1le se objevuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 objevy. Carrierovy v\u00fdzkumy o roli vnitrodruhov\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdvoji obli\u010dejov\u00fdch kost\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed cenn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek k na\u0161emu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed toho, jak n\u00e1\u0161 druh vznikl.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lidsk\u00e1 evoluce a um\u011bn\u00ed boxu Role vnitrodruhov\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed Antropologov\u00e9 a evolu\u010dn\u00ed biologov\u00e9 se ji\u017e dlouho sna\u017e\u00ed porozum\u011bt nejen tomu, jak a kdy se lid\u00e9 vyvinuli, ale tak\u00e9 pro\u010d jsme takov\u00ed,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2547],"tags":[18593,18591,18592,18590,487,2546],"class_list":["post-13819","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-evolutionary-biology","tag-boxing","tag-facial-bones","tag-physical-adaptations","tag-intraspecies-violence","tag-human-evolution","tag-natural-selection"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13819","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13819"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13819\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13820,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13819\/revisions\/13820"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13819"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13819"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13819"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}