\u0160impanzi a lid\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b \u00fazk\u00fd genetick\u00fd vztah, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e 99 % na\u0161\u00ed DNA je identick\u00e1. Na\u0161e obli\u010dejov\u00e9 rysy v\u0161ak vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u0161impanzi maj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 obo\u010d\u00ed, velk\u00e9 u\u0161i, ploch\u00e9 nosy a bohat\u00e9 ochlupen\u00ed. V\u011bdci p\u0159ipisuj\u00ed tyto rozd\u00edly variac\u00edm v expresi gen\u016f, procesu, kter\u00fdm jsou geny aktivov\u00e1ny a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k tvorb\u011b protein\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci ze Stanfordsk\u00e9 univerzity identifikovali asi 1 000 skupin gen\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou exprimov\u00e1ny odli\u0161n\u011b b\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje obli\u010deje u \u0161impanz\u016f a lid\u00ed. Tyto genetick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly vedou k odli\u0161n\u00fdm vzor\u016fm tvorby kost\u00ed, chrupavek a obli\u010dejov\u00fdch tk\u00e1n\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u0161impanzi exprimuj\u00ed dva geny spojen\u00e9 s d\u00e9lkou a tvarem nosu siln\u011bji ne\u017e lid\u00e9, co\u017e m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledek jejich del\u0161\u00ed a plo\u0161\u0161\u00ed nosy.<\/p>\n\n
Bu\u0148ky nervov\u00e9ho h\u0159ebene jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm typem bun\u011bk, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k v\u00fdvoji rys\u016f obli\u010deje. Tyto bu\u0148ky migruj\u00ed do r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed embrya a nakonec d\u00e1vaj\u00ed vzniknout kostem, chrupavk\u00e1m a obli\u010dejov\u00fdm tk\u00e1n\u00edm. Prescott\u016fv t\u00fdm studoval expresi gen\u016f v bu\u0148k\u00e1ch nervov\u00e9ho h\u0159ebene, jak se vyv\u00edjely, a odhalil genetick\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro rozmanitost rys\u016f obli\u010deje mezi \u0161impanzi a lidmi.<\/p>\n\n
Tv\u00e1\u0159 nen\u00ed jedinou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u011bla, kter\u00e1 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na\u0161i spole\u010dnou minulost. Studie ramenn\u00edch kost\u00ed Australopithecus nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed \u201eprimitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201c ramena ne\u017e \u0161impanzi nebo gorily, p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed ramena opic. Tyto zm\u011bny, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1stroj\u016f, usnadnily na\u0161i schopnost h\u00e1zet p\u0159edm\u011bty, co\u017e hr\u00e1lo kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli p\u0159i lovu a sebeobran\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Genetick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi \u0161impanzi a lidmi poskytuj\u00ed cenn\u00e9 poznatky o na\u0161\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed historii. Anal\u00fdzou vzor\u016f exprese gen\u016f mohou v\u011bdci vysledovat zm\u011bny, kter\u00e9 formovaly na\u0161e jedine\u010dn\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 vlastnosti. P\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed po na\u0161em spole\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159edkovi pokra\u010duje, ale genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy nab\u00edzej\u00ed l\u00e1kav\u00e9 stopy o p\u016fvodu na\u0161eho druhu.<\/p>\n\n
Kontrastn\u00ed rysy obli\u010deje \u0161impanz\u016f a lid\u00ed sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o s\u00edle exprese gen\u016f p\u0159i formov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161eho fyzick\u00e9ho vzhledu. Studie bun\u011bk nervov\u00e9ho h\u0159ebene a ramenn\u00edch kost\u00ed d\u00e1le osv\u011btluj\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed cestu, kter\u00e1 vedla k na\u0161im odli\u0161n\u00fdm vlastnostem. Jak v\u011bdci pronikaj\u00ed hloub\u011bji do genetick\u00e9ho k\u00f3du, neust\u00e1le z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed na\u0161eho m\u00edsta v p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Pro\u010d \u0161impanzi a lid\u00e9 vypadaj\u00ed tak rozd\u00edln\u011b: Genetick\u00e1 cesta Tv\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e9 rysy: P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh exprese gen\u016f \u0160impanzi a lid\u00e9 sd\u00edlej\u00ed neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b \u00fazk\u00fd genetick\u00fd vztah, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e 99 % na\u0161\u00ed DNA je identick\u00e1. Na\u0161e…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23589,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[18636,136,1820,188,1333,18635,1038,99],"class_list":["post-13852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biology","tag-neural-crest-cells","tag-evolution","tag-gene-expression","tag-genetics","tag-humans","tag-facial-features","tag-chimpanzees","tag-lifescienceart"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13852","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13852"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13853,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13852\/revisions\/13853"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23589"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}