James Peebles, pr\u016fkopnick\u00fd kosmolog, z\u00edskal polovinu Nobelovy ceny za fyziku za svou pr\u016flomovou pr\u00e1ci na struktu\u0159e vesm\u00edru. Peebelsovy teorie pomohly v\u011bdc\u016fm pochopit slo\u017een\u00ed a v\u00fdvoj na\u0161eho kosmu.<\/p>\n\n
V 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed m\u011bli kosmologov\u00e9 omezen\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed vesm\u00edru. V\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee je obrovsk\u00fd, ale nev\u011bd\u011bli, jak daleko jsou objekty, jak je star\u00fd nebo jak je strukturov\u00e1n. Peebles se rozhodl tyto ot\u00e1zky zodpov\u011bd\u011bt pomoc\u00ed teoretick\u00fdch model\u016f a pozorovac\u00edch dat.<\/p>\n\n
Jedn\u00edm z Peebelsov\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f byla p\u0159edpov\u011b\u010f kosmick\u00e9ho mikrovlnn\u00e9ho pozad\u00ed, poz\u016fstatku ran\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru, kter\u00fd prostupuje cel\u00fdm kosmos t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 konstantn\u00edm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm. Tak\u00e9 navrhl, \u017ee studiem drobn\u00fdch variac\u00ed v tomto pozad\u00ed mohou astronomov\u00e9 naj\u00edt oblasti, kde se hmota shlukuje. To vedlo k objevu velkorozm\u011brov\u00e9 struktury vesm\u00edru, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z filament hv\u011bzd, galaxi\u00ed a klastr\u016f galaxi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
V 80. letech Peebles p\u0159idal do hry temnou hmotu. Temn\u00e1 hmota je z\u00e1hadn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, kter\u00e1 nevyz\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ani neodr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed sv\u011btlo, ale jej\u00ed gravita\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky lze pozorovat. Peebles navrhl, \u017ee temn\u00e1 hmota vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d se galaxie shlukuj\u00ed, p\u0159esto\u017ee postr\u00e1daj\u00ed viditelnou hmotu. Tak\u00e9 nazna\u010dil, \u017ee se vesm\u00edr rozp\u00edn\u00e1 a \u017ee toto rozp\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed zrychluje d\u00edky s\u00edle temn\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n\n
Peebelsovy teorie byly postupn\u011b potvrzov\u00e1ny pokro\u010dilou technologi\u00ed. V 90. letech v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zjistili, \u017ee fluktuace v pozad\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed shluk\u016fm hmoty. V roce 1998 astronomov\u00e9 potvrdili, \u017ee se vesm\u00edr rozp\u00edn\u00e1 a zrychluje. Temn\u00e1 hmota a temn\u00e1 energie v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nevysv\u011btleny, ale v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci je piln\u011b zkoumaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Druhou polovinu Nobelovy ceny za fyziku z\u00edskali Michael Mayor a Didier Queloz za objev prvn\u00ed exoplanety, planety mimo na\u0161i slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavu. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let astronomov\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nenalezli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 planety ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed jin\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy, navzdory desetilet\u00edm p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Queloz, tehdy postgradu\u00e1ln\u00ed student pracuj\u00edc\u00ed s Mayorem, vyvinul software, kter\u00fd hledal drobn\u00e9 kmit\u00e1n\u00ed ve sv\u011btle a barv\u011b hv\u011bzd. Tato kmit\u00e1n\u00ed mohla nazna\u010dovat, \u017ee gravitace ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed planety ovliv\u0148uje hv\u011bzdu a posouv\u00e1 vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky sv\u011btla.<\/p>\n\n
Po pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed 20 jasn\u00fdch hv\u011bzd software zaznamenal kmit\u00e1n\u00ed u hv\u011bzdy 51 Pegasi, vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 51 sv\u011bteln\u00fdch let. Queloz a Mayor str\u00e1vili m\u011bs\u00edce potvrzov\u00e1n\u00edm sv\u00fdch dat, ne\u017e v \u0159\u00edjnu 1995 ozn\u00e1mili sv\u016fj objev. Na\u0161li prvn\u00ed skute\u010dnou exoplanetu, planetu velikosti Jupiteru kolem 51 Pegasi.<\/p>\n\n
Objev 51 Pegasi b revolucionalizoval astronomii. Od t\u00e9 doby astronomov\u00e9 objevili v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 000 exoplanet v Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze, li\u0161\u00edc\u00edch se velikost\u00ed, slo\u017een\u00edm a orbitou. Tyto objevy poskytly v\u011bdc\u016fm nov\u00e9 poznatky o formov\u00e1n\u00ed a v\u00fdvoji planet\u00e1rn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f a vznesly mo\u017enost nalezen\u00ed mimozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n
Pr\u00e1ce Jamese Pebblese, Michaela Mayora a Didiera Queloza m\u011bla hlubok\u00fd dopad na na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed vesm\u00edru. Peebelsovy teorie n\u00e1m pomohly pochopit strukturu a v\u00fdvoj kosmu, zat\u00edmco objev prvn\u00ed exoplanety Mayorem a Quelozem otev\u0159el nov\u00e9 hranice v astronomii a hled\u00e1n\u00ed mimozemsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n
Nobelova cena za fyziku je d\u016fkazem pr\u016flomov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f t\u011bchto v\u011bdc\u016f a jejich odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed rozpl\u00e9tat z\u00e1hady vesm\u00edru.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nobelova cena za fyziku: Mapov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161eho m\u00edsta v kosmu Kosmologie: Odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed struktury vesm\u00edru James Peebles, pr\u016fkopnick\u00fd kosmolog, z\u00edskal polovinu Nobelovy ceny za fyziku za svou pr\u016flomovou pr\u00e1ci na struktu\u0159e vesm\u00edru.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25373,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[437],"tags":[982,217,697,535,97,2169],"class_list":["post-14096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomy","tag-exoplanets","tag-physics","tag-cosmology","tag-nobel-prize","tag-science","tag-universe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14096","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14096"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14096\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25374,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14096\/revisions\/25374"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25373"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14096"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14096"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14096"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}