{"id":14385,"date":"2020-11-25T22:32:05","date_gmt":"2020-11-25T22:32:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=14385"},"modified":"2020-11-25T22:32:05","modified_gmt":"2020-11-25T22:32:05","slug":"neanderthals-masters-of-fire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/anthropology\/neanderthals-masters-of-fire\/","title":{"rendered":"Neandert\u00e1lci: Mist\u0159i ohn\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Neandert\u00e1lci: Mist\u0159i ohn\u011b<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee na\u0161i hominidn\u00ed bratranci rozd\u011bl\u00e1vali vlastn\u00ed ohn\u011b<\/h2>\n\n<p>Po mnoho let v\u00edme, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci, na\u0161i hominidn\u00ed bratranci, s n\u00e1mi sd\u00edleli mnoho podobnost\u00ed. Vyr\u00e1b\u011bli \u0161perky, oce\u0148ovali kr\u00e1su a poh\u0159b\u00edvali sv\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 studie dokonce uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee m\u011bli jazyk. Nyn\u00ed pr\u016flomov\u00e1 studie nazna\u010duje, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci mohli tak\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dat technologii, o n\u00ed\u017e se kdysi myslelo, \u017ee je jedine\u010dn\u00e1 pro n\u00e1\u0161 druh: rozd\u011bl\u00e1vat ohe\u0148 na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ru\u010dn\u00ed sekera jako n\u00e1stroj pro rozd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed ohn\u011b<\/h2>\n\n<p>Archeologov\u00e9 u\u017e dlouho v\u011bd\u00ed, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci pou\u017e\u00edvali ohe\u0148, ale p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee se spol\u00e9hali na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje, jako jsou blesky nebo lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry. Andrew Sorensen z Leidensk\u00e9 univerzity v\u0161ak tento p\u0159edpoklad zpochybnil.<\/p>\n\n<p>Sorensen p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci mohli pou\u017e\u00edvat ru\u010dn\u00ed sekery, ostr\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje vyroben\u00e9 z pazourku, k \u00faderu do pyritu, miner\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jiskry. Aby otestoval svou teorii, vytvo\u0159il si vlastn\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00ed sekery a pou\u017eil je k \u00faderu do pyritu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytvo\u0159il mal\u00e9 spr\u0161ky jisker, kter\u00e9 mohly b\u00fdt \u017eiveny do v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch oh\u0148\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mikroskopick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy<\/h2>\n\n<p>Sorensen pot\u00e9 zkoumal mikroskopick\u00e9 stopy zanechan\u00e9 na ru\u010dn\u00edch seker\u00e1ch pyritem. Tyto stopy jsou charakteristick\u00e9 a mohou vzniknout pouze \u00faderem do pyritu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Porovnal tyto experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed stopy s ru\u010dn\u00edmi sekerami nalezen\u00fdmi na archeologick\u00fdch nalezi\u0161t\u00edch spojen\u00fdch s neandert\u00e1lci. V\u00fdsledky byly ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed: 26 povrch\u016f na 20 ru\u010dn\u00edch seker\u00e1ch vykazovalo tyto charakteristick\u00e9 stopy, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee je neandert\u00e1lci skute\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali k rozd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ohn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kontroverzn\u00ed n\u00e1lezy<\/h2>\n\n<p>Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed studie vyvolala rozruch. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed odborn\u00edci, jako je Dennis Sandgathe ze Simon Fraser University, tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee technika porovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch \u201estop opot\u0159eben\u00ed\u201c s artefakty nen\u00ed exaktn\u00ed v\u011bda. Sorensen toto omezen\u00ed uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, ale tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee d\u016fkazy d\u016frazn\u011b nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci byli schopni rozd\u011bl\u00e1vat ohe\u0148 na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alternativn\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>Sandgathe tak\u00e9 poukazuje na to, \u017ee nena\u0161el d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee by se ru\u010dn\u00ed sekery a pyrit pou\u017e\u00edvaly spole\u010dn\u011b ve stejn\u00e9 archeologick\u00e9 vrstv\u011b. Uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161ak, \u017ee archeologick\u00fd z\u00e1znam pro dan\u00e9 obdob\u00ed je ne\u00fapln\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u016fsledky objevu<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pokud budou Sorensenova zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed potvrzena, budou m\u00edt v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed neandert\u00e1lc\u016f. Nazna\u010dovalo by to, \u017ee byli je\u0161t\u011b technologicky vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo.<\/p>\n\n<p>Krom\u011b toho vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci mohli ran\u00e9 lidi nau\u010dit techniku rozd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ohn\u011b na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. To by znamenalo, \u017ee na\u0161i hominidn\u00ed bratranci hr\u00e1li z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli ve v\u00fdvoji jedn\u00e9 z nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch technologi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\n\n<p>Sorensen pl\u00e1nuje pokra\u010dovat ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu, aby zjistil, zda jin\u00e9 hominidn\u00ed druhy, v\u010detn\u011b ran\u00fdch lid\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edvaly podobn\u00e9 techniky rozd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ohn\u011b. Jeho pr\u00e1ce by mohla vrhnout nov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo na technologick\u00fd a kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shrnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Neandert\u00e1lci mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u011bli schopnost rozd\u011bl\u00e1vat ohe\u0148 na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed pazourkov\u00fdch ru\u010dn\u00edch seker a pyritu.<\/li>\n<li>Mikroskopick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy na ru\u010dn\u00edch seker\u00e1ch z archeologick\u00fdch nalezi\u0161\u0165 tuto hypot\u00e9zu podporuj\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jsou kontroverzn\u00ed, ale nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci byli technologicky vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve v\u011b\u0159ilo.<\/li>\n<li>Neandert\u00e1lci mohli hr\u00e1t roli p\u0159i v\u00fduce ran\u00fdch lid\u00ed techniky rozd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ohn\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Neandert\u00e1lci: Mist\u0159i ohn\u011b D\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee na\u0161i hominidn\u00ed bratranci rozd\u011bl\u00e1vali vlastn\u00ed ohn\u011b Po mnoho let v\u00edme, \u017ee neandert\u00e1lci, na\u0161i hominidn\u00ed bratranci, s n\u00e1mi sd\u00edleli mnoho podobnost\u00ed. Vyr\u00e1b\u011bli \u0161perky, oce\u0148ovali kr\u00e1su&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[88,487,1019,4040,253],"class_list":["post-14385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-archaeology","tag-human-evolution","tag-neanderthals","tag-fire","tag-prehistory"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14385"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14385\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14386,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14385\/revisions\/14386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}