{"id":14620,"date":"2021-01-11T03:07:27","date_gmt":"2021-01-11T03:07:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=14620"},"modified":"2021-01-11T03:07:27","modified_gmt":"2021-01-11T03:07:27","slug":"preserving-livestock-genetic-diversity-meat-banks","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/agriculture-and-food\/preserving-livestock-genetic-diversity-meat-banks\/","title":{"rendered":"Ochrana hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bank spermatu: Zabezpe\u010den\u00ed genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti pro budoucnost"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ochrana hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bank spermatu: Zachov\u00e1n\u00ed genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti<\/h2>\n\n

Zabezpe\u010den\u00ed genetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at<\/h2>\n\n

Ochrana genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed potravinov\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti a prevenci vyhynut\u00ed cenn\u00fdch plemen. Banky spermatu, kter\u00e9 skladuj\u00ed zmrazen\u00e9 sperma a vaje\u010dn\u00edky, hraj\u00ed v tomto \u00fasil\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli, proto\u017ee uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed genetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch druh\u016f hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n\n

Hrozba chorob a katastrof<\/h2>\n\n

Propuknut\u00ed chorob, jako je slintavka a kulhavka, m\u016f\u017ee zdecimovat populace hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at a ohrozit dostupnost masa, ml\u00e9ka a vajec. Banky spermatu slou\u017e\u00ed jako z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje obnovu populac\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b takov\u00fdch katastrof.<\/p>\n\n

Zachov\u00e1n\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch plemen<\/h2>\n\n

Vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u00ed plemena \u010dasto disponuj\u00ed cenn\u00fdmi genetick\u00fdmi vlastnostmi, jako je odolnost v\u016f\u010di chorob\u00e1m nebo otu\u017eilost, kter\u00e9 lze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm selektivn\u00edho \u0161lecht\u011bn\u00ed v\u010dlenit do komer\u010dn\u00edch plemen. Banky spermatu pom\u00e1haj\u00ed chr\u00e1nit tato plemena p\u0159ed vyhynut\u00edm a zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed trvalou dostupnost jejich jedine\u010dn\u00fdch genetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdzvy spojen\u00e9 s uchov\u00e1n\u00edm \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 DNA<\/h2>\n\n

Uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 DNA je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rostlinn\u00e9 DNA. Reproduk\u010dn\u00ed bu\u0148ky zv\u00ed\u0159at, jako jsou spermie a vaje\u010dn\u00edky, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt uchov\u00e1v\u00e1ny v tekut\u00e9m dus\u00edku, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo jejich po\u0161kozen\u00ed. Doba pou\u017eitelnosti zmrazen\u00e9ho spermatu se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na druhu, ale m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt a\u017e 12 hodin u skotu nebo jen n\u011bkolik minut u sumc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed program z\u00e1rode\u010dn\u00e9 plazmy zv\u00ed\u0159at<\/h2>\n\n

N\u00e1rodn\u00ed program z\u00e1rode\u010dn\u00e9 plazmy zv\u00ed\u0159at (NAGP), provozovan\u00fd americk\u00fdm ministerstvem zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed (USDA), udr\u017euje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btovou sb\u00edrku zmrazen\u00fdch reproduk\u010dn\u00edch bun\u011bk zv\u00ed\u0159at. Sb\u00edrka obsahuje p\u0159es 800 000 vzork\u016f od 26 000 zv\u00ed\u0159at reprezentuj\u00edc\u00edch 155 plemen.<\/p>\n\n

\u00daloha zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Zem\u011bd\u011blci hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli v z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed bank spermatu t\u00edm, \u017ee poskytuj\u00ed vzorky spermatu od sv\u00fdch nejlep\u0161\u00edch chovn\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at. Tyto vzorky jsou podrobeny p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdm kontrol\u00e1m rodokmenu, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna genetick\u00e1 rozmanitost a zabr\u00e1nilo se p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00e9 plemenitb\u011b. Zem\u011bd\u011blci mohou tak\u00e9 po\u017e\u00e1dat banku NAGP o vzorky spermatu, aby mohli do sv\u00fdch st\u00e1d zav\u00e9st nov\u00fd genetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdhody tradi\u010dn\u00edch plemen<\/h2>\n\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00edm plemen\u016fm mo\u017en\u00e1 chyb\u00ed rychl\u00fd r\u016fst a plodnost komer\u010dn\u00edch plemen, ale disponuj\u00ed cenn\u00fdmi genetick\u00fdmi vlastnostmi, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e9 pro modern\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad plemeno texask\u00e9ho longhorna sn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sucho, zat\u00edmco plemeno gulfsk\u00e9ho st\u00e1da je vysoce odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di hnilob\u011b kopyt a parazit\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti<\/h2>\n\n

Udr\u017een\u00ed genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti v populac\u00edch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at je nezbytn\u00e9 pro prevenci p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00e9 plemenitby a propuknut\u00ed chorob. Banky spermatu poskytuj\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b tohoto genetick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed jeho dostupnost pro budouc\u00ed generace.<\/p>\n\n

\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdzev<\/h2>\n\n

Zat\u00edmco mnoho plemen je bezpe\u010dn\u011b uchov\u00e1v\u00e1no v kryogenn\u00edch bank\u00e1ch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at, stovky tradi\u010dn\u00edch plemen jsou st\u00e1le ohro\u017eeny vyhynut\u00edm. Organizace jako The Livestock Conservancy pracuj\u00ed na identifikaci a ochran\u011b t\u011bchto plemen a koordinuj\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed o udr\u017een\u00ed jejich populac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Banky spermatu jsou cenn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro zachov\u00e1n\u00ed genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at. Chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed ztr\u00e1tou cenn\u00fdch plemen, chr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed katastrofick\u00fdmi ud\u00e1lostmi a poskytuj\u00ed zdroj genetick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed modern\u00edho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Podporou t\u011bchto snah zaji\u0161\u0165ujeme trvalou dostupnost nezbytn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at pro budouc\u00ed generace.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ochrana hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bank spermatu: Zachov\u00e1n\u00ed genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti Zabezpe\u010den\u00ed genetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at Ochrana genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed potravinov\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnosti a prevenci vyhynut\u00ed cenn\u00fdch plemen.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5878],"tags":[4305,19628,2748,19627,1194,120,18587],"class_list":["post-14620","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-agriculture-and-food","tag-animal-conservation","tag-heritage-breeds","tag-genetic-diversity","tag-meat-banks","tag-food-security","tag-sustainability","tag-livestock"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14620","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14620"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14620\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14621,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14620\/revisions\/14621"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14620"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14620"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14620"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}