{"id":14642,"date":"2020-07-27T19:11:37","date_gmt":"2020-07-27T19:11:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=14642"},"modified":"2020-07-27T19:11:37","modified_gmt":"2020-07-27T19:11:37","slug":"carnivores-and-the-fossil-record","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/paleontology\/carnivores-and-the-fossil-record\/","title":{"rendered":"Maso\u017erav\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata: Tajemn\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bvatel\u00e9 k fosiln\u00edmu z\u00e1znamu"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maso\u017erav\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata: Tajn\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bvatel\u00e9 do fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ne\u010dekan\u00e1 role maso\u017eravc\u016f p\u0159i uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed minulosti<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ve sv\u011bt\u011b paleontologie jsou maso\u017erav\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1na za protivn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed ni\u010d\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed fosilie d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e mohou b\u00fdt uchov\u00e1ny. V\u00fdzkum v\u0161ak odhalil p\u0159ekvapivou pravdu: maso\u017eravci hr\u00e1li z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli p\u0159i vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu, kter\u00fd dnes studujeme.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maso\u017eravci jako p\u0159irozen\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 a spojenci<\/h2>\n\n<p>Tradi\u010dn\u011b byli maso\u017eravci pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za nep\u0159\u00e1tele paleontolog\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed po\u017e\u00edraj\u00ed a rozptyluj\u00ed kosti potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch fosili\u00ed. Hlub\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed maso\u017eravc\u016f v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 cenn\u00fdmi spojenci p\u0159i hled\u00e1n\u00ed znalost\u00ed o minulosti.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maso\u017eravci jako sestavovatel\u00e9 fosili\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak maso\u017eravci p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed do fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu, je transport a hromad\u011bn\u00ed kost\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch m\u00edstech. Kdy\u017e maso\u017eravci spot\u0159ebuj\u00ed ko\u0159ist, \u010dasto t\u00e1hnou nebo nesou jej\u00ed poz\u016fstatky do sv\u00fdch doupat nebo jin\u00fdch chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed. Toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed pom\u00e1h\u00e1 koncentrovat kosti na jednom m\u00edst\u011b, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee budou poh\u0159beny a zachov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159\u00edklady p\u0159\u00ednos\u016f maso\u017eravc\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Leopardi:<\/strong> Leopardi maj\u00ed ve zvyku ukr\u00fdvat svou ko\u0159ist v jeskyn\u00edch, co\u017e poskytuje p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed pro fosilizaci.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Krokod\u00fdli:<\/strong> Krokod\u00fdli jsou ji\u017e miliony let nev\u011bdom\u00fdmi p\u0159isp\u011bvateli do fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu, kdy\u017e t\u00e1hnou ko\u0159ist do vodn\u00edch ploch, kde mohou b\u00fdt jej\u00ed poz\u016fstatky uchov\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hyena:<\/strong> Hyeny jsou obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zdatn\u00e9 v transportu a hromad\u011bn\u00ed kost\u00ed, \u010dasto je p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed zp\u011bt do sv\u00fdch doupat ke konzumaci. Toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed vedlo k objevu bohat\u00fdch nalezi\u0161\u0165 kost\u00ed, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad slavn\u00fd Dra\u010d\u00ed kostn\u00ed kopec v \u010c\u00edn\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdznam potravn\u00edch n\u00e1vyk\u016f maso\u017eravc\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<p>Potravn\u00ed n\u00e1vyky maso\u017eravc\u016f tak\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed kvalitu a \u00faplnost fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad hyeny maj\u00ed tendenci nejprve konzumovat m\u011bkk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b sv\u00e9 ko\u0159isti a zanech\u00e1vaj\u00ed za sebou kosti a zuby. Toto selektivn\u00ed potravn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zachovat kostern\u00ed poz\u016fstatky, kter\u00e9 jsou s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed fosilizov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nov\u00e9 definov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 evoluce<\/h2>\n\n<p>Objev po\u0161kozen\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho maso\u017eravci na lidsk\u00fdch ostatc\u00edch hr\u00e1l v\u00fdznamnou roli p\u0159i nov\u00e9m definov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161eho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 evoluce. D\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed interpretace t\u011bchto stop jako d\u016fkazu n\u00e1sil\u00ed nebo kanibalismu byly revidov\u00e1ny, kdy\u017e se uznalo, \u017ee lid\u00e9 byli \u010dasto ko\u0159ist\u00ed velk\u00fdch maso\u017eravc\u016f. To vedlo k mnohem jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu pohledu na na\u0161e p\u0159edky jako na bytosti, kter\u00e9 bojovaly o p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed v nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9m a konkuren\u010dn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maso\u017eravci a rozmanitost minul\u00e9ho \u017eivota<\/h2>\n\n<p>Maso\u017eravci nejen\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bli k zachov\u00e1n\u00ed poz\u016fstatk\u016f hominin\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 zdokumentovali rozmanitost minul\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Sovy a dal\u0161\u00ed drav\u00ed pt\u00e1ci nap\u0159\u00edklad zanechali dlouhodob\u00fd z\u00e1znam o mal\u00fdch savc\u00edch ve sv\u00fdch v\u00fdvr\u017ec\u00edch. Velk\u00e9 ko\u010dky sehr\u00e1ly roli p\u0159i utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161eho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed fauny doby ledov\u00e9, proto\u017ee jejich ko\u0159ist \u010dasto kon\u010dila v jeskyn\u00edch nebo jin\u00fdch chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch oblastech.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sou\u010dasn\u00ed maso\u017eravci a budouc\u00ed fosiln\u00ed z\u00e1znam<\/h2>\n\n<p>I dnes maso\u017eravci nad\u00e1le p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed do fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu. Hyeny, \u0161akali a velk\u00e9 ko\u010dky v Africe aktivn\u011b hromad\u00ed kosti, kter\u00e9 se v budoucnu pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b stanou fosiliemi. Tento prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed proces zd\u016fraz\u0148uje trvalou roli maso\u017eravc\u016f p\u0159i uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fkaz\u016f o \u017eivot\u011b na Zemi.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oto\u010den\u00ed osudu: Hominid\u00e9 jako maso\u017eravci<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jak se lid\u00e9 vyv\u00edjeli a vyv\u00edjeli kamenn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, nedopat\u0159en\u00edm za\u010dali vytv\u00e1\u0159et vlastn\u00ed fosilizovan\u00fd z\u00e1znam o sv\u00fdch loveck\u00fdch aktivit\u00e1ch. Zbytky jejich j\u00eddel, od mamut\u016f p\u0159es lemury a\u017e po mo\u0159sk\u00e9 plody, byly roztrou\u0161eny po jeskyn\u00edch a odpadn\u00edch j\u00e1m\u00e1ch. Stejn\u011b jako maso\u017eravci p\u0159isp\u011bli do lidsk\u00e9ho fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu, lid\u00e9 se nyn\u00ed stali p\u0159isp\u011bvateli do fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu jin\u00fdch druh\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n<p>Vztah mezi maso\u017eravci a fosiln\u00edm z\u00e1znamem je slo\u017eit\u00fd a fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed. Maso\u017eravci, kte\u0159\u00ed byli kdysi pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za protivn\u00edky, jsou nyn\u00ed uzn\u00e1v\u00e1ni jako nezbytn\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bvatel\u00e9 k na\u0161emu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed minulosti. Jejich potravn\u00ed n\u00e1vyky, dopravn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed a dokonce i jejich interakce s lidmi formovaly fosiln\u00ed z\u00e1znam nes\u010detn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. Uzn\u00e1n\u00edm a ocen\u011bn\u00edm role maso\u017eravc\u016f z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me hlub\u0161\u00ed ocen\u011bn\u00ed pro slo\u017eitou s\u00ed\u0165 \u017eivota, kter\u00e1 existovala na na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b miliony let.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Maso\u017erav\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata: Tajn\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bvatel\u00e9 do fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu Ne\u010dekan\u00e1 role maso\u017eravc\u016f p\u0159i uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed minulosti Ve sv\u011bt\u011b paleontologie jsou maso\u017erav\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1na za protivn\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed ni\u010d\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed fosilie d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e mohou&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[138],"tags":[136,239,487,4005,137,141,99,97],"class_list":["post-14642","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-paleontology","tag-evolution","tag-fossils","tag-human-evolution","tag-carnivores","tag-paleontology","tag-natural-history","tag-lifescienceart","tag-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14642","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14642"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14642\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14643,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14642\/revisions\/14643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14642"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14642"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14642"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}