Z\u0159\u00edceniny Karakorumu, hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Mongolsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e ze 13. stolet\u00ed, ji\u017e dlouho fascinuj\u00ed archeology. Fyzick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o m\u011bst\u011b v\u0161ak byly do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry ignorov\u00e1ny ve prosp\u011bch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v evropsk\u00fdch cestovatel\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Nyn\u00ed, poprv\u00e9, pou\u017eili v\u011bdci pokro\u010dil\u00e9 geofyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed metody k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed podrobn\u00e9 mapy Karakorumu. Zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Antiquity zna\u010dn\u011b roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed na\u0161e znalosti o tomto opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m euroasijsk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
\u010cingisch\u00e1n zalo\u017eil Karakorum kolem roku 1220 n. l. jako t\u00e1bor jurt strategicky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd v \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159eky Orchon. Jeho syn a n\u00e1stupce \u00d6gedej rozpoznal jeho potenci\u00e1l a zvolil Karakorum za hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Mongolsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p>\n\n
V pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu se Karakorum stal prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed metropol\u00ed, kter\u00e1 hostila diplomaty, obchodn\u00edky a cestovatele z cel\u00e9 Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky. \u010c\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00edci a muslim\u0161t\u00ed obchodn\u00edci p\u0159isp\u011bli ke jeho velkoleposti stavbou honosn\u00e9ho pal\u00e1ce a dal\u0161\u00edch p\u016fsobiv\u00fdch struktur.<\/p>\n\n
Hlavn\u00ed autor Jan Bemmann a jeho t\u00fdm pou\u017eili SQUID (supravodiv\u00e9 kvantov\u00e9 interferen\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed) k pr\u016fzkumu oblasti 465 hektar\u016f a vytvo\u0159ili mapu nevykopan\u00fdch poz\u016fstatk\u016f pod povrchem. Tato data poskytla v kombinaci se leteck\u00fdmi sn\u00edmky, historick\u00fdmi z\u00e1znamy a p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi pr\u016fzkumy podrobn\u00fd pohled na hustotu a strukturu Karakorumu.<\/p>\n\n
Nov\u00e1 mapa umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u011bdc\u016fm ur\u010dit, kde kdysi st\u00e1ly velk\u00e9 cihlov\u00e9 budovy a kde kdysi vedly cesty ter\u00e9nem. Elitn\u00ed \u010dtvrti byly um\u00edst\u011bny uvnit\u0159 m\u011bstsk\u00fdch hradeb, zat\u00edmco z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed osady a v\u00fdrobn\u00ed m\u00edsta se rozprost\u00edrala do okoln\u00edho \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159eky Orchon.<\/p>\n\n
“Nemluv\u00edme jen o c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b, ale o c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9m \u00fadol\u00ed,” \u0159ekl Bemmann.<\/p>\n\n
Vil\u00e9m Rubruk, vl\u00e1msk\u00fd franti\u0161k\u00e1nsk\u00fd mnich, nav\u0161t\u00edvil Karakorum v roce 1254 a popsal jeho velikost ve sv\u00fdch spisech. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ho zaujala velk\u00e1 st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e1 font\u00e1na ve tvaru stromu, kter\u00e1 vyd\u00e1vala n\u00e1poje jako v\u00edno a kobyl\u00ed ml\u00e9ko.<\/p>\n\n
Vojensk\u00e1 moc Mongol\u016f a talent pro shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed zru\u010dn\u00fdch lid\u00ed z dobyt\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bly k prosperit\u011b Karakorumu. Spol\u00e9hali v\u0161ak na sv\u00e9 zajatce, aby jim poradili se stavbou m\u011bsta, proto\u017ee byli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ko\u010dovn\u00edci.<\/p>\n\n
Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee pln\u00fdch 40 procent p\u016fdy uvnit\u0159 m\u011bstsk\u00fdch hradeb Karakorumu z\u016fstalo pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch, co\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed ko\u010dovn\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed Mongol\u016f. V 15. stolet\u00ed byl Karakorum t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 opu\u0161t\u011bn.<\/p>\n\n
P\u0159esn\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed m\u011bsta bylo znovuobjeveno v roce 1889, ale archeologick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce byly omezen\u00e9. Nov\u00e1 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed rekonstrukce Karakorumu, zalo\u017een\u00e1 na geofyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed map\u011b, poskytuje cenn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro pochopen\u00ed p\u016fdorysu a historie m\u011bsta.<\/p>\n\n
“Bylo \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9 sledovat, jak se mapa den za dnem rozr\u016fst\u00e1,” \u0159ekl Bemmann. “S ka\u017ed\u00fdm p\u0159idan\u00fdm kouskem m\u011bsta rostlo na\u0161e porozum\u011bn\u00ed.”<\/p>\n\n
Podrobn\u00e1 mapa Karakorumu nab\u00edz\u00ed pohled na vliv Mongolsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, roli zru\u010dn\u00fdch zajatc\u016f p\u0159i stavb\u011b m\u011bst a trval\u00fd odkaz tohoto kdysi velkolep\u00e9ho hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Karakorum: Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Mongolsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e Objeven\u00ed a mapov\u00e1n\u00ed Z\u0159\u00edceniny Karakorumu, hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Mongolsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e ze 13. stolet\u00ed, ji\u017e dlouho fascinuj\u00ed archeology. Fyzick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o m\u011bst\u011b v\u0161ak byly do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7494],"tags":[88,27,564],"class_list":["post-14814","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology-and-history","tag-archaeology","tag-history","tag-exploration"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14814","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14814"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14814\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14815,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14814\/revisions\/14815"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14814"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14814"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14814"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}