{"id":14865,"date":"2023-05-07T13:23:40","date_gmt":"2023-05-07T13:23:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=14865"},"modified":"2023-05-07T13:23:40","modified_gmt":"2023-05-07T13:23:40","slug":"d6a11b95389ac44fe2b6c7b210aa7c78","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/uncategorized\/d6a11b95389ac44fe2b6c7b210aa7c78\/","title":{"rendered":"d6a11b95389ac44fe2b6c7b210aa7c78"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trval\u00fd odkaz Woodrowa Wilsona: Idealismus \u201eM\u00edru bez v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c<\/h2>\n\n

P\u016fvod wilsonovsk\u00e9ho idealismu<\/h2>\n\n

Woodrow Wilson, 28. prezident Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, se b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky stal v\u00fdznamnou osobnost\u00ed. Jeho vize spravedliv\u00e9ho a m\u00edrov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, kterou slavn\u011b vyj\u00e1d\u0159il ve sv\u00e9m projevu \u201eM\u00edr bez v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c, m\u011bla trval\u00fd dopad na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy.<\/p>\n\n

Wilson\u016fv idealismus byl formov\u00e1n jeho p\u0159\u00edmou zku\u0161enost\u00ed s hr\u016fzami ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. V\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee v\u00e1lka p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed pouze utrpen\u00ed a zk\u00e1zu, a sna\u017eil se zabr\u00e1nit tomu, aby se Amerika zapletla do krvav\u00e9ho konfliktu zu\u0159\u00edc\u00edho v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

Projev \u201eM\u00edr bez v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c<\/h2>\n\n
    \n
  1. ledna 1917 pronesl Wilson p\u0159ed Kongresem sv\u016fj ikonick\u00fd projev \u201eM\u00edr bez v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c. Nal\u00e9hal na Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, aby zachovaly neutralitu, a tvrdil, \u017ee v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed kter\u00e9koli ze stran by pouze zaselo semena budouc\u00edch konflikt\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    \u201eV\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed by znamenalo m\u00edr vnucen\u00fd pora\u017een\u00e9mu, v\u00edt\u011bzovy podm\u00ednky ulo\u017een\u00e9 pora\u017een\u00fdm,\u201c \u0159ekl Wilson. \u201eZanechalo by to bodnut\u00ed, z\u00e1\u0161\u0165, ho\u0159kou vzpom\u00ednku, na kter\u00e9 by m\u00edrov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky spo\u010d\u00edvaly, nikoli trvale, ale pouze jako na p\u00edsku.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

    Wilson\u016fv projev vyvolal sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 reakce. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jej oslavovali jako vizion\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 poselstv\u00ed nad\u011bje, zat\u00edmco jin\u00ed jej odm\u00edtali jako nepraktick\u00e9 a naivn\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b zachytil podstatu Wilsonova idealismu: v\u00edru, \u017ee m\u00edru lze dos\u00e1hnout prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a kompromisu, nikoli prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vojensk\u00fdch v\u00fdboj\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

    V\u00fdzvy neutrality<\/h2>\n\n

    P\u0159es svou touhu po neutralit\u011b \u010delil Wilson rostouc\u00edmu tlaku z obou stran konfliktu. Po cel\u00e9 zemi propukly protiv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a protesty, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e skupiny jako \u017densk\u00e1 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 unie pro st\u0159\u00eddmost a Spojen\u00e9 hornick\u00e9 odbory po\u017eadovaly americkou intervenci.<\/p>\n\n

    Neomezen\u00e1 ponorkov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka N\u011bmecka d\u00e1le napjala vztahy se Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. Po potopen\u00ed britsk\u00e9ho parn\u00edku Lusitania, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m zahynulo 128 Ameri\u010dan\u016f, Wilson po\u017eadoval, aby N\u011bmecko zastavilo sv\u00e9 \u00fatoky na civiln\u00ed lod\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

    Vstup Ameriky do prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/h2>\n\n

    Navzdory Wilsonovu \u00fasil\u00ed se neutralita Ameriky uk\u00e1zala jako neudr\u017eiteln\u00e1. 30. ledna 1917 N\u011bmecko ozn\u00e1milo neomezenou ponorkovou v\u00e1lku a zam\u011b\u0159ilo se na americk\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed a osobn\u00ed lod\u011b. Wilson odpov\u011bd\u011bl p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00edm diplomatick\u00fdch vztah\u016f s N\u011bmeckem, ale v\u00e1hal po\u017e\u00e1dat Kongres o vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n\n

    Koncem b\u0159ezna, pot\u00e9, co N\u011bmecko potopilo n\u011bkolik americk\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch lod\u00ed, nem\u011bl Wilson jinou mo\u017enost ne\u017e po\u017e\u00e1dat o vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1lky proti N\u011bmeck\u00e9mu c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed. Vstup Ameriky do prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky znamenal konec Wilsonova snu o \u201eM\u00edru bez v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n

    Odkaz wilsonovsk\u00e9ho idealismu<\/h2>\n\n

    A\u010dkoli Wilson\u016fv idealismus nakonec nedok\u00e1zal zabr\u00e1nit zapojen\u00ed Ameriky do prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, nad\u00e1le ovliv\u0148oval mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech. Pakt Kellogg-Briand z roku 1928, kter\u00fd se z\u0159ekl v\u00e1lky jako n\u00e1stroje politiky, byl p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem Wilsonov\u00fdch my\u0161lenek.<\/p>\n\n

    Tak\u00e9 Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, zalo\u017een\u00e1 po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce, nese stopy Wilsonovy vize. Spole\u010dnost n\u00e1rod\u016f, Wilson\u016fv p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u00edrovou organizaci, slou\u017eila jako model pro OSN.<\/p>\n\n

    Wilsonovsk\u00fd idealismus v\u0161ak \u010delil v\u00fdzv\u00e1m v obdob\u00ed po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, vietnamsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka a v\u00e1lky v Afgh\u00e1nist\u00e1nu a Ir\u00e1ku vyzkou\u0161ely limity americk\u00e9ho intervencionismu.<\/p>\n\n

    Dnes z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 odkaz wilsonovsk\u00e9ho idealismu slo\u017eit\u00fd a sporn\u00fd. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee vedl k zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00e1lk\u00e1m a intervenc\u00edm, zat\u00edmco jin\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee je to z\u00e1sadn\u00ed s\u00edla pro prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edru a demokracie.<\/p>\n\n

    Bez ohledu na sv\u00e9 kritiky Wilsonova vize sv\u011bta bez v\u00e1lky i nad\u00e1le inspiruje a vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 dne\u0161n\u00ed politiky. Jeho projev \u201eM\u00edr bez v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 silnou p\u0159ipom\u00ednkou, \u017ee m\u00edr nen\u00ed jen nep\u0159\u00edtomnost konfliktu, ale proaktivn\u00ed hled\u00e1n\u00ed spravedlnosti, spolupr\u00e1ce a vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho respektu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Trval\u00fd odkaz Woodrowa Wilsona: Idealismus \u201eM\u00edru bez v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed\u201c P\u016fvod wilsonovsk\u00e9ho idealismu Woodrow Wilson, 28. prezident Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, se b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky stal v\u00fdznamnou osobnost\u00ed. Jeho vize spravedliv\u00e9ho a m\u00edrov\u00e9ho…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1880,19884,1882,19883,19885,3950,2775],"class_list":["post-14865","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-diplomacy","tag-idealism","tag-international-relations","tag-peace-without-victory","tag-neutrality","tag-world-war-i","tag-woodrow-wilson"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14865","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14865"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14865\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14866,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14865\/revisions\/14866"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14865"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14865"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14865"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}