Rok 2012 byl pro v\u00fdzkum evoluce hominin\u016f rekordn\u00edm rokem. Objevy p\u0159inesly sv\u011btlo do pozoruhodn\u00e9 rozmanitosti a p\u0159izp\u016fsobivosti na\u0161ich d\u00e1vn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu posledn\u00edch 12 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f v\u011bdci nalezli d\u016fkazy, \u017ee po v\u011bt\u0161inu sedmimilionov\u00e9 historie hominin\u016f existovalo vedle sebe mnoho druh\u016f s celou \u0159adou adaptac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch objev\u016f tohoto roku je potvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee v Africe \u017eilo p\u0159ed zhruba dv\u011bma miliony let v\u00edce druh\u016f rodu Homo. Tento objev zpochyb\u0148uje dlouho zast\u00e1vanou v\u00edru, \u017ee v tomto obdob\u00ed existoval pouze jeden druh \u010dlov\u011bka, Homo habilis.<\/p>\n\n
V srpnu v\u011bdci pracuj\u00edc\u00ed v Keni ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee nalezli spodn\u00ed \u010delist, kter\u00e1 pasuje k d\u0159\u00edve nalezen\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 lebce Homo rudolfensis. Nov\u00e1 \u010delist neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 \u010delistem Homo habilis, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee v Africe p\u0159ed dv\u011bma miliony let muselo b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomno nejm\u00e9n\u011b dva druhy rodu Homo.<\/p>\n\n
Dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm objevem roku 2012 je identifikace nov\u00e9ho druhu \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd \u017eil v \u010c\u00edn\u011b p\u0159ed 11 500 a\u017e 14 300 lety. Fos\u00edlie, kter\u00e9 byly nalezeny v jeskyni v ji\u017en\u00ed \u010c\u00edn\u011b, maj\u00ed kombinaci znak\u016f, kter\u00e9 nebyly pozorov\u00e1ny u modern\u00edch lid\u00ed ani u jin\u00fdch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch populac\u00ed Homo sapiens. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee fos\u00edlie mohou p\u0159edstavovat nov\u011b objeven\u00fd druh \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd \u017eil po boku lid\u00ed v pozdn\u00edm pleistoc\u00e9nu.<\/p>\n\n
Dal\u0161\u00ed diskutovanou ot\u00e1zkou v lidsk\u00e9 evoluci je, zda ran\u00ed hominid\u00e9 st\u00e1le \u0161plhali po stromech, p\u0159esto\u017ee byli uzp\u016fsobeni k vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9 ch\u016fzi po zemi. Fosilizovan\u00e9 lopatky 3,3 milionu let star\u00e9ho d\u00edt\u011bte A. afarensis nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee odpov\u011b\u010f zn\u00ed ano.<\/p>\n\n
V\u011bdci porovnali ramena d\u00edt\u011bte s rameny dosp\u011bl\u00fdch jedinc\u016f A. afarensis, stejn\u011b jako s rameny modern\u00edch lid\u00ed a opic. Zjistili, \u017ee rameno A. afarensis pro\u0161lo b\u011bhem d\u011btstv\u00ed v\u00fdvojov\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami, kter\u00e9 se podobaj\u00ed zm\u011bn\u00e1m u \u0161impanz\u016f, jejich\u017e r\u016fst ramen je ovlivn\u011bn \u0161plh\u00e1n\u00edm. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee A. afarensis, alespo\u0148 ml\u00e1\u010fata, tr\u00e1vila \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho \u010dasu na stromech.<\/p>\n\n
Archeologov\u00e9 u\u010dinili v roce 2012 dva v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 objevy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se technologie st\u0159el. Na lokalit\u011b Kathu Pan 1 v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe objevili archeologov\u00e9 500 000 let star\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 hroty, kter\u00e9 hominid\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali k v\u00fdrob\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch o\u0161t\u011bp\u016f. Asi o 300 000 let pozd\u011bji za\u010dali lid\u00e9 vyr\u00e1b\u011bt vrha\u010de o\u0161t\u011bp\u016f a mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce luky a \u0161\u00edpy.<\/p>\n\n
Na jin\u00e9 jihoafrick\u00e9 lokalit\u011b zvan\u00e9 Pinnacle Point objevili v\u011bdci drobn\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 hroty datovan\u00e9 do doby p\u0159ed 71 000 lety, kter\u00e9 byly pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k v\u00fdrob\u011b vrhac\u00edch zbran\u00ed. Geologick\u00fd z\u00e1znam nazna\u010duje, \u017ee tito prvn\u00ed lid\u00e9 vyr\u00e1b\u011bli tyto mal\u00e9 hroty po tis\u00edce let, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee m\u011bli kognitivn\u00ed a jazykov\u00e9 schopnosti p\u0159ed\u00e1vat pokyny k v\u00fdrob\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f po stovky generac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed a zp\u016fsob vzniku modern\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 kultury je dal\u0161\u00ed oblast\u00ed intenzivn\u00ed debaty v paleoantropologii. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj modern\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed byl postupn\u00fd proces, zat\u00edmco jin\u00ed jej vid\u00ed jako postupuj\u00edc\u00ed ve skoc\u00edch a hranic\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n
V srpnu p\u0159isp\u011bli archeologov\u00e9 k debat\u011b nov\u00fdmi d\u016fkazy, kdy\u017e v jihoafrick\u00e9 Border Cave objevili sb\u00edrku 44 000 let star\u00fdch artefakt\u016f. Artefakty, mezi kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed kost\u011bn\u00e9 \u0161\u00eddla, kor\u00e1lky, kopac\u00ed hole a prysky\u0159ice na upev\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, se podobaj\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016fm, kter\u00e9 dnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 modern\u00ed kultura San. Archeologov\u00e9 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee jde o nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad modern\u00ed kultury, proto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o nejstar\u0161\u00ed sadu n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e1 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 n\u00e1stroj\u016fm pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm \u017eij\u00edc\u00edmi lidmi.<\/p>\n\n
Studium p\u016fvodu ohn\u011b je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fd \u00fakol, proto\u017ee je \u010dasto t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 rozli\u0161it mezi p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi po\u017e\u00e1ry, kter\u00e9 hominid\u00e9 mohli vyu\u017e\u00edt, a po\u017e\u00e1ry, kter\u00e9 na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 skute\u010dn\u011b zap\u00e1lili. V dubnu 2012 v\u0161ak v\u011bdci ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee nalezli ten “nejbezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed” d\u016fkaz o tom, \u017ee hominid\u00e9 zap\u00e1lili ohe\u0148: milion let star\u00e9 zuhelnat\u011bl\u00e9 kosti a rostlinn\u00e9 zbytky z jeskyn\u011b v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe. Proto\u017ee k po\u017e\u00e1ru do\u0161lo v jeskyni, v\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee hominid\u00e9 byli nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou po\u017e\u00e1ru.<\/p>\n\n
Je dob\u0159e zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee se neandert\u00e1lci a Homo sapiens spolu p\u00e1\u0159ili, proto\u017ee neandert\u00e1lsk\u00e1 DNA tvo\u0159\u00ed malou \u010d\u00e1st lidsk\u00e9ho genomu. V roce 2012 v\u011bdci odhadli, kdy k t\u011bmto sch\u016fzk\u00e1m do\u0161lo: p\u0159ed 47 000 a\u017e 65 000 lety. Toto na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed se shoduje s obdob\u00edm, kdy se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee lid\u00e9 opustili Afriku a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ili se do Asie a Evropy.<\/p>\n\n
\u010c\u00e1stice potravy nalezen\u00e9 na zubech fosilie Australopithecus sediba odhalily, \u017ee tento t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dva miliony let star\u00fd hominid jedl d\u0159evo \u2013 co\u017e nebylo dosud nalezeno u \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho jin\u00e9ho druhu hominida. Australopithecus sediba byl objeven v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe v roce 2010 a je kandid\u00e1tem na p\u0159edka rodu Homo.<\/p>\n\n
V\u011bdci pracuj\u00edc\u00ed v jeskyni v Laosu vykopali fosilie datovan\u00e9 do obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed 46 000 a\u017e 63 000 lety. N\u011bkolik znak\u016f kost\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed lebky za o\u010dima, nazna\u010duje, \u017ee kosti pat\u0159ily z\u00e1stupci druhu Homo sapiens. P\u0159esto\u017ee jsou jin\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed fos\u00edlie modern\u00edch lid\u00ed v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e tento n\u00e1lez, v\u011bdci tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ostatky z Laosu jsou nejp\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u016fkazem p\u0159\u00edtomnosti ran\u00fdch lid\u00ed v regionu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Evoluce \u010dlov\u011bka: 10 hlavn\u00edch objev\u016f roku 2012 R\u016fznorodost lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f Rok 2012 byl pro v\u00fdzkum evoluce hominin\u016f rekordn\u00edm rokem. Objevy p\u0159inesly sv\u011btlo do pozoruhodn\u00e9 rozmanitosti a p\u0159izp\u016fsobivosti na\u0161ich d\u00e1vn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24366,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1327],"tags":[1020,19903,19905,1019,4040,1568,1017,19904,1738],"class_list":["post-14881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-evolution","tag-denisovans","tag-hominid-evolution","tag-modern-culture","tag-neanderthals","tag-fire","tag-paleoanthropology","tag-ancient-dna","tag-projectile-weapons","tag-human-origins"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14881","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14881"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14881\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24367,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14881\/revisions\/24367"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24366"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14881"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14881"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14881"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}