Plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky, pojmenovan\u00e9 podle sv\u00fdch v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch \u0161irok\u00fdch hlav, jsou \u017erav\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed se \u017eiv\u00ed \u017e\u00ed\u017ealami a n\u011bkdy dokonce i navz\u00e1jem. Poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z Asie a do Francie se pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u011b dostaly v uplynul\u00fdch dvou desetilet\u00edch, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e unikly pozornosti v\u011bdc\u016f a\u017e doned\u00e1vna.<\/p>\n\n
K objeven\u00ed invaze do\u0161lo v roce 2013, kdy Pierre Gros, francouzsk\u00fd amat\u00e9rsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdec, po\u0159\u00eddil fotografii plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky a poslal ji m\u00edstn\u00edm odborn\u00edk\u016fm. Fotografie se nakonec dostala k profesoru Jean-Lou Justinovi, zoologovi z francouzsk\u00e9ho N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed historie, kter\u00fd ji zpo\u010d\u00e1tku odm\u00edtl jako \u017eert.<\/p>\n\n
Kdy\u017e v\u0161ak Gros poslal Justinovi fotografie dal\u0161\u00edch dvou odli\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f plo\u0161t\u011bnek kladiva\u010dek, Justine si uv\u011bdomil z\u00e1va\u017enost situace a zah\u00e1jil vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed vyzval ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u011bdce, aby pomohli zdokumentovat p\u0159\u00edtomnost t\u011bchto \u010derv\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Reakce byla ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e zpr\u00e1vy o plo\u0161t\u011bnk\u00e1ch kladiva\u010dk\u00e1ch p\u0159ich\u00e1zely z cel\u00e9 Francie a jej\u00edch z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed. Nejd\u0159\u00edve zaznamenan\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed poch\u00e1z\u00ed z videokazety VHS po\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 v roce 1999, co\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee tito \u010dervi jsou v zemi p\u0159\u00edtomni t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dv\u011b desetilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Jedn\u00edm z nejv\u00edce p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdch objev\u016f byla \u017eiv\u00e1 modr\u00e1 plo\u0161t\u011bnka kladiva\u010dka pozorovan\u00e1 na ostrov\u011b Mayotte u pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Afriky, kter\u00e1 je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nov\u00fdm druhem. Tento objev zd\u016fraz\u0148uje nedostatek pov\u011bdom\u00ed o t\u011bchto \u010dervech a pot\u0159ebu v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornosti v\u011bnovan\u00e9 suchozemsk\u00fdm plo\u0161t\u011bnk\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n
P\u0159\u00edtomnost plo\u0161t\u011bnek kladiva\u010dek ve Francii vzbudila obavy v\u011bdc\u016f kv\u016fli jejich potenci\u00e1ln\u00edmu dopadu na ekosyst\u00e9my zem\u011b. Invazivn\u00ed plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky jsou zn\u00e1my t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u016fsob\u00ed zk\u00e1zu ve sv\u00fdch nov\u00fdch domovech, kdy\u017e se \u017eiv\u00ed \u017e\u00ed\u017ealami, kter\u00e9 jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi sou\u010d\u00e1stmi p\u016fdn\u00ed fauny.<\/p>\n\n
Studie ve Skotsku a Irsku uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky z Nov\u00e9ho Z\u00e9landu sn\u00ed\u017eily v\u00fdnosy zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o \u0161est procent. Plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 m\u00e1lo p\u0159irozen\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1tel kv\u016fli sv\u00fdm nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u011b chutnaj\u00edc\u00edm sekret\u016fm, co\u017e jim umo\u017e\u0148uje nekontrolovan\u011b se mno\u017eit.<\/p>\n\n
Plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky lov\u00ed \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy pomoc\u00ed hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00e9 techniky. P\u0159ichycuj\u00ed se ke sv\u00e9 ko\u0159isti pomoc\u00ed sv\u00fdch sval\u016f a lepkav\u00fdch sekret\u016f, pot\u00e9 vylu\u010duj\u00ed enzymy, kter\u00e9 tr\u00e1v\u00ed tk\u00e1n\u011b \u017e\u00ed\u017ealy mimo jejich t\u011bla, ne\u017e vysaj\u00ed zkapaln\u011bn\u00e9 zbytky.<\/p>\n\n
Toto pred\u00e1torsk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed v kombinaci s jejich kanibalistick\u00fdmi n\u00e1vyky \u010din\u00ed z plo\u0161t\u011bnek kladiva\u010dek obrovskou hrozbu pro p\u016fvodn\u00ed faunu. Mohou p\u0159ekonat jin\u00e9 pred\u00e1tory v boji o potravu a potenci\u00e1ln\u011b naru\u0161it cel\u00e9 ekosyst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n\n
Pln\u00fd dopad invaze plo\u0161t\u011bnek kladiva\u010dek na francouzsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy je st\u00e1le nezn\u00e1m\u00fd, ale v\u011bdci jsou opatrn\u011b pesimisti\u010dt\u00ed. Domn\u00edvaj\u00ed se, \u017ee tito invazivn\u00ed \u010dervi by jako aktivn\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i mohli p\u0159edstavovat zna\u010dn\u00e9 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro p\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy a naru\u0161it zdrav\u00ed p\u016fdy.<\/p>\n\n
Je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu, aby se stanovil rozsah invaze a jej\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky. Je v\u0161ak z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00e1\u017enou hrozbu, kter\u00e1 vy\u017eaduje pozornost a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, aby se ochr\u00e1nila francouzsk\u00e1 biodiverzita a ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e9 slu\u017eby.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky: Tich\u00e1 invaze ve Francii Objeven\u00ed invaze Plo\u0161t\u011bnky kladiva\u010dky, pojmenovan\u00e9 podle sv\u00fdch v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch \u0161irok\u00fdch hlav, jsou \u017erav\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed se \u017eiv\u00ed \u017e\u00ed\u017ealami a n\u011bkdy dokonce i navz\u00e1jem. Poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24153,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[590],"tags":[395,1470,19915,19913,286,19914],"class_list":["post-14889","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecology","tag-biodiversity","tag-earthworms","tag-ecological-threat","tag-hammerhead-flatworms","tag-invasive-species","tag-soil-ecology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14889","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14889"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14889\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24154,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14889\/revisions\/24154"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24153"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14889"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14889"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14889"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}