{"id":14976,"date":"2019-06-30T22:57:41","date_gmt":"2019-06-30T22:57:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=14976"},"modified":"2019-06-30T22:57:41","modified_gmt":"2019-06-30T22:57:41","slug":"lithium-ion-batteries-transforming-the-modern-world","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/energy\/lithium-ion-batteries-transforming-the-modern-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Lithiov\u00e9 baterie: Transformuj\u00ed modern\u00ed sv\u011bt"},"content":{"rendered":"

Lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie: Transformuj\u00ed modern\u00ed sv\u011bt<\/h2>\n\n

\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n

Nobelova cena za chemii je presti\u017en\u00ed ocen\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky v oboru. Letos byla cena ud\u011blena t\u0159em v\u011bdc\u016fm za jejich pr\u00e1ci na v\u00fdvoji lithium-iontov\u00fdch bateri\u00ed, technologie, kter\u00e1 zp\u016fsobila revoluci v modern\u00ed spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tky lithium-iontov\u00fdch bateri\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj lithium-iontov\u00fdch bateri\u00ed lze vysledovat a\u017e k ropn\u00e9 krizi v 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. S r\u016fstem cen benzinu za\u010dali v\u011bdci zkoumat alternativn\u00ed zdroje energie a opat\u0159en\u00ed na \u00fasporu energie. Jedn\u00edm z t\u011bchto v\u011bdc\u016f byl M. Stanley Whittingham, kter\u00fd v t\u00e9 dob\u011b studoval supravodi\u010de.<\/p>\n\n

Whittingham\u016fv v\u00fdzkum ho p\u0159ivedl k objevu energeticky bohat\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu zvan\u00e9ho disulfid titani\u010dit\u00fd, kter\u00fd mohl ukl\u00e1dat lithium-ionty. Vytvo\u0159il baterii, ve kter\u00e9 byla \u010d\u00e1st anody vyrobena z kovov\u00e9ho lithia. Tato baterie byla v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pokrokem oproti tehdej\u0161\u00edm kyselinov\u00fdm bateri\u00edm, ale byla nestabiln\u00ed a n\u00e1chyln\u00e1 k explozi.<\/p>\n\n

Zdokonalen\u00ed a komercializace<\/h2>\n\n

V roce 1980 John B. Goodenough vylep\u0161il Whittingham\u016fv koncept hled\u00e1n\u00edm alternativ k disulfidu titani\u010dit\u00e9mu. Zjistil, \u017ee oxid kobaltnat\u00fd by mohl d\u011blat tot\u00e9\u017e a produkovat je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce energie. V roce 1985 Akira Yoshino nahradil kovov\u00e9 lithium v baterii petrolejov\u00fdm koksem vrstven\u00fdm lithium-ionty, \u010d\u00edm\u017e baterii zabezpe\u010dil.<\/p>\n\n

V roce 1991 byla lithium-iontov\u00e1 baterie dostate\u010dn\u011b stabiln\u00ed pro komercializaci. Spole\u010dnost Sony uvedla na trh prvn\u00ed dob\u00edjec\u00ed lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie a tato technologie si rychle z\u00edskala m\u00edsto na trhu spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektroniky.<\/p>\n\n

Vliv na modern\u00ed spole\u010dnost<\/h2>\n\n

Lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie m\u011bly hlubok\u00fd vliv na modern\u00ed spole\u010dnost. Jsou hlavn\u00edm prvkem mobiln\u00edch telefon\u016f, notebook\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159enosn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed elektromobil\u016f a syst\u00e9m\u016f obnoviteln\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n\n

Schopnost lithium-iontov\u00fdch bateri\u00ed ukl\u00e1dat velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie v kompaktn\u00edm a lehk\u00e9m proveden\u00ed umo\u017enila v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed a aplikac\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v implantovan\u00fdch kardiostimul\u00e1torech a dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdzvy a budouc\u00ed v\u00fdvoj<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159es sv\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u010del\u00ed lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie n\u011bkter\u00fdm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m. Popt\u00e1vka po lithiu rychle roste a t\u011b\u017eba tohoto kovu m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt negativn\u00ed dopady na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a spole\u010dnost. Tak\u00e9 kobalt je nedostatkov\u00fdm zbo\u017e\u00edm a jeho t\u011b\u017eba je spojov\u00e1na s poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a ni\u010den\u00edm \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

V\u011bdci pracuj\u00ed na v\u00fdvoji nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed bateri\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou udr\u017eiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na lithiu a kobaltu. Jedn\u00edm ze slibn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f jsou pevn\u00e9 baterie, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pevn\u00e9 elektrolyty m\u00edsto kapaln\u00fdch elektrolyt\u016f. Pevn\u00e9 baterie jsou neho\u0159lav\u00e9 a maj\u00ed del\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotnost ne\u017e lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00fdvoj lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie je d\u016fkazem s\u00edly v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu transformovat sv\u011bt. Tato technologie umo\u017enila v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00ed a aplikac\u00ed a nad\u00e1le hraje kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v p\u0159echodu k udr\u017eiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lithium-iontov\u00e9 baterie: Transformuj\u00ed modern\u00ed sv\u011bt \u00davod Nobelova cena za chemii je presti\u017en\u00ed ocen\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky v oboru. Letos byla cena ud\u011blena t\u0159em v\u011bdc\u016fm za jejich pr\u00e1ci na v\u00fdvoji…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[121],"tags":[218,20004,535,7828,20005],"class_list":["post-14976","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-energy","tag-chemistry","tag-lithium-ion-batteries","tag-nobel-prize","tag-battery-technology","tag-energy-storage"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14976","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14976"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14976\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14977,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14976\/revisions\/14977"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14976"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14976"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14976"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}