{"id":15035,"date":"2024-06-10T22:21:24","date_gmt":"2024-06-10T22:21:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15035"},"modified":"2024-06-10T22:21:24","modified_gmt":"2024-06-10T22:21:24","slug":"january-anniversaries-momentous-memorable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/history-of-science\/january-anniversaries-momentous-memorable\/","title":{"rendered":"Lednov\u00e1 jubilea: Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed okam\u017eiky v historii"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Leden &#8211; jubilea: Okam\u017eiky v historii<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00cdr\u00e1nsk\u00e1 krize s rukojm\u00edmi: Svoboda je kone\u010dn\u011b zde<\/h3>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"20\">\n<li>ledna 1981 bylo 52 americk\u00fdch rukojm\u00edch kone\u010dn\u011b propu\u0161t\u011bno \u00cdr\u00e1nem po 444 dnech zajet\u00ed. Rukojm\u00ed zajal ozbrojen\u00fd dav na americk\u00e9 ambas\u00e1d\u011b v Teher\u00e1nu, kter\u00fd po\u017eadoval n\u00e1vrat svr\u017een\u00e9ho \u0161\u00e1ha. Prvn\u00ed slova Davida Roedera jeho man\u017eelce po jeho propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed byla: &#8220;Je konec!&#8221; V roce 2001 byla ambas\u00e1da otev\u0159ena jako turistick\u00e1 atrakce, jej\u00ed\u017e kav\u00e1rna prod\u00e1vala \u0161\u00e1lky ozna\u010den\u00e9 heslem &#8220;Pry\u010d s Amerikou.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0160impanz Ham: Raketov\u00e1 cesta do historie<\/h3>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"31\">\n<li>ledna 1961 se \u0161impanz Ham stal prvn\u00edm prim\u00e1tem, kter\u00fd se vydal do vesm\u00edru. Jeho 16 minut trvaj\u00edc\u00ed cesta raketou, a\u010dkoli del\u0161\u00ed a rychlej\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e bylo zam\u00fd\u0161leno, byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za \u00fasp\u011bch a vydl\u00e1\u017edila cestu pro prvn\u00ed pilotovan\u00fd americk\u00fd vesm\u00edrn\u00fd let o t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce pozd\u011bji. Ham ode\u0161el z NASA v roce 1963 a \u017eil klidn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u017eivotem v N\u00e1rodn\u00ed zoo ve Washingtonu, D.C. Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fd &#8220;\u0161impanonauta&#8221; zem\u0159el v roce 1983 v Zoologick\u00e9m parku Severn\u00ed Karol\u00edny.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Benjamin Franklin: Americk\u00fd polyhistor<\/h3>\n\n<p>Benjamin Franklin, narozen\u00fd v Bostonu 17. ledna 1706, byl skute\u010dn\u00fdm renesan\u010dn\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bkem. Jako v\u011bdec, ekonom, vyn\u00e1lezce, abolicionista, vydavatel, b\u00e1sn\u00edk a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edho si vyslou\u017eil titul celebrity. Jeho sl\u00e1va se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila i za hranice Ameriky, jak poznamenal John Adams: &#8220;Jeho reputace je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e reputace Newtona, Fridricha Velik\u00e9ho nebo Voltaira.&#8221; Franklin zem\u0159el ve Filadelfii v roce 1790 ve v\u011bku 84 let a zanechal po sob\u011b trval\u00fd odkaz jako prvn\u00ed americk\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed superstar.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Concorde: Nadzvukov\u00e1 rychlost<\/h3>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"21\">\n<li>ledna 1976 vstoupil Concorde do komer\u010dn\u00edho provozu v Evrop\u011b. Tento nadzvukov\u00fd dopravn\u00ed letoun dok\u00e1zal let\u011bt rychleji ne\u017e let\u00edc\u00ed kulka, v\u00edce ne\u017e dvojn\u00e1sobnou rychlost\u00ed zvuku. Transatlantick\u00e9 lety mezi Lond\u00fdnem a New Yorkem trvaly pouh\u00e9 t\u0159i hodiny. Concorde byl vy\u0159azen z provozu v \u0159\u00edjnu 2003 pot\u00e9, co p\u0159epravil p\u0159es 2,5 milionu cestuj\u00edc\u00edch po obloze.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Hudebn\u00ed z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b<\/h3>\n\n<p>Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, narozen\u00fd 27. ledna 1756 v Salcburku, byl hudebn\u00ed z\u00e1zrak, kter\u00fd za\u010dal komponovat ve v\u011bku 5 let. Ve 12 letech vytvo\u0159il d\u00edla jako n\u011bmeckou operetu &#8220;Bastien und Bastienne.&#8221; Mozart\u016fv talent byl jak chv\u00e1len, tak kritizov\u00e1n, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e c\u00edsa\u0159 Josef II. si st\u011b\u017eoval: &#8220;P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho not.&#8221; Mozartova genialita byla v\u0161ak nepopirateln\u00e1 a skladatel Joseph Haydn ho prohl\u00e1sil za &#8220;nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho skladatele.&#8221; Mozart zem\u0159el tragicky na revmatickou hore\u010dku ve V\u00eddni v roce 1791 ve v\u011bku 35 let.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kr\u00e1lovna Liliuokalani: Havajsk\u00e1 panovnice<\/h3>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"29\">\n<li>ledna 1891 se Lydia Paki Liliuokalani stala kr\u00e1lovnou havajsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f. Jej\u00ed vl\u00e1da byla kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1, proto\u017ee americk\u00fd podnikatel Sanford Dole, podporovan\u00fd americkou n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed p\u011bchotou, ji o dva roky pozd\u011bji sesadil. Havajsk\u00e1 republika byla n\u00e1sledn\u011b v roce 1900 zorganizov\u00e1na jako americk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed. Liliuokalani str\u00e1vila zbytek sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota petic\u00ed feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy o kompenzaci za zabavenou p\u016fdu a dal\u0161\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty, ale jej\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed bylo ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. Zem\u0159ela v Honolulu v roce 1917 ve v\u011bku 79 let.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leden &#8211; jubilea: Okam\u017eiky v historii \u00cdr\u00e1nsk\u00e1 krize s rukojm\u00edmi: Svoboda je kone\u010dn\u011b zde ledna 1981 bylo 52 americk\u00fdch rukojm\u00edch kone\u010dn\u011b propu\u0161t\u011bno \u00cdr\u00e1nem po 444 dnech zajet\u00ed. Rukojm\u00ed zajal ozbrojen\u00fd&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23632,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[2203,20084,20081,27,20082,20083,63,97,3909],"class_list":["post-15035","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-benjamin-franklin","tag-concorde","tag-ham-the-chimp","tag-history","tag-iran-hostage-crisis","tag-queen-liliuokalani","tag-culture","tag-science","tag-wolfgang-amadeus-mozart"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15035","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15035"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15035\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15036,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15035\/revisions\/15036"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23632"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15035"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15035"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15035"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}