{"id":15089,"date":"2024-11-02T00:34:54","date_gmt":"2024-11-02T00:34:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15089"},"modified":"2024-11-02T00:34:54","modified_gmt":"2024-11-02T00:34:54","slug":"origins-and-evolution-of-geographic-information-systems-gis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/earth-science\/origins-and-evolution-of-geographic-information-systems-gis\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u016fvod a v\u00fdvoj geografick\u00fdch informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f (GIS)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u016fvod a v\u00fdvoj geografick\u00fdch informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f (GIS)<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ran\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy a zrod GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>Historie GIS sah\u00e1 a\u017e k omezen\u00edm tradi\u010dn\u00edch map. Mapy jsou dvourozm\u011brn\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed sv\u011bta, ale skute\u010dn\u00fd sv\u011bt je mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V 19. stolet\u00ed \u010delil l\u00e9ka\u0159 z Lond\u00fdna jm\u00e9nem John Snow t\u00e9to v\u00fdzv\u011b p\u0159i vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed vypuknut\u00ed cholery. Mapov\u00e1n\u00edm m\u00edst \u00famrt\u00ed na choleru Snow zjistil, \u017ee nemoc souvis\u00ed se zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm vodn\u00edm \u010derpadlem na Broad Street.<\/p>\n\n<p>Toto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zd\u016fraznilo v\u00fdznam geografick\u00fdch informac\u00ed pro pochopen\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00fdch fenom\u00e9n\u016f. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed dat a obt\u00ed\u017enost p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce map zt\u011b\u017eovalo pln\u00e9 vyu\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>V 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed se kanadsk\u00fd geograf jm\u00e9nem Roger Tomlinson pokusil tento probl\u00e9m vy\u0159e\u0161it. Byl pov\u011b\u0159en nalezen\u00edm vhodn\u00fdch m\u00edst pro lesn\u00ed plant\u00e1\u017ee v Keni, ale ohromn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 musel vz\u00edt v \u00favahu, znemo\u017enilo manu\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzu.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tomlinson si uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee po\u010d\u00edta\u010de by mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a vizualizaci t\u011bchto dat. P\u0159ev\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm oblast\u00ed mapy na digit\u00e1ln\u00ed datov\u00e9 body vytvo\u0159il Tomlinson koncept geografick\u00e9ho informa\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu (GIS). GIS umo\u017enil integraci v\u00edce datov\u00fdch vrstev, co\u017e u\u017eivatel\u016fm umo\u017enilo analyzovat prostorov\u00e9 vztahy a identifikovat vzorce.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technologick\u00fd pokrok a r\u016fst GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00fdvoj GIS byl poh\u00e1n\u011bn pokroky v po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 technologii. V 70. letech hr\u00e1la IBM kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli ve v\u00fdvoji softwaru pro GIS, zat\u00edmco Howard Fisher na Harvardu vytvo\u0159il program pro synt\u00e9zu mapovan\u00fdch dat.<\/p>\n\n<p>Zaveden\u00ed konceptu datab\u00e1ze d\u00e1le revolucionizovalo GIS. Datab\u00e1ze umo\u017enily efektivn\u00ed ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed geografick\u00fdch dat, co\u017e usnadnilo vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a aktualizaci map GIS.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aplikace GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>GIS se stal nepostradateln\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem v \u0161irok\u00e9 \u0161k\u00e1le obor\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1va p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f:<\/strong> GIS se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k mapov\u00e1n\u00ed a anal\u00fdze lesn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed populac\u00ed voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at a hodnocen\u00ed dopad\u016f na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Urbanismus:<\/strong> GIS pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pl\u00e1nova\u010d\u016fm vizualizovat a analyzovat vzorce vyu\u017eit\u00ed p\u016fdy, dopravn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b a rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed obyvatelstva.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed:<\/strong> GIS lze pou\u017e\u00edt ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed ohnisek nemoc\u00ed, identifikaci oblast\u00ed s vysok\u00fdm rizikem a p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Obchod a marketing:<\/strong> GIS se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k anal\u00fdze z\u00e1kaznick\u00fdch demografick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f, c\u00edlen\u00ed marketingov\u00fdch kampan\u00ed a identifikaci potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch m\u00edst pro podnik\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed katastrof:<\/strong> GIS je nezbytn\u00fd pro nouzov\u00e9 reakce a obnovovac\u00ed \u00fasil\u00ed, pom\u00e1h\u00e1 mapovat evakua\u010dn\u00ed cesty, posuzovat \u0161kody a koordinovat distribuci pomoci.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed dopad GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>Krom\u011b sv\u00fdch praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed m\u011bl GIS tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd soci\u00e1ln\u00ed dopad. Nap\u0159\u00edklad platforma Ushahidi pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 GIS k dokumentov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed a poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. GIS byl tak\u00e9 pou\u017eit k pos\u00edlen\u00ed marginalizovan\u00fdch komunit t\u00edm, \u017ee jim poskytl n\u00e1stroje k mapov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich vlastn\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed a prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich pot\u0159eb.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdzvy a budoucnost GIS<\/h2>\n\n<p>A\u010dkoli GIS revolucionalizoval prostorovou anal\u00fdzu, \u010del\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u00fdzv\u00e1m. Jednou z obav je potenci\u00e1l pro zkreslen\u00ed dat a zneu\u017eit\u00ed GIS pro diskrimina\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dely. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzvou je pot\u0159eba kvalifikovan\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f na GIS pro interpretaci a komunikaci komplexn\u00edch geoprostorov\u00fdch dat.<\/p>\n\n<p>Navzdory t\u011bmto v\u00fdzv\u00e1m vypad\u00e1 budoucnost GIS slibn\u011b. Pokroky v technologi\u00edch, jako je cloud computing a um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, otev\u00edraj\u00ed nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti pro aplikace GIS. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se sv\u011bt st\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le v\u00edce orientovan\u00fdm na data, bude GIS i nad\u00e1le hr\u00e1t z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli v porozum\u011bn\u00ed a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed komplexn\u00ed planety.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed long-tailov\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova:<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed GIS<\/li>\n<li>Kari\u00e9rn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti v GIS<\/li>\n<li>Zdroje dat GIS<\/li>\n<li>Software a n\u00e1stroje GIS<\/li>\n<li>\u0160kolen\u00ed GIS<\/li>\n<li>Certifikace GIS<\/li>\n<li>Anal\u00fdza prostorov\u00fdch dat<\/li>\n<li>Geoprostorov\u00e1 vizualizace<\/li>\n<li>Geografick\u00e1 datov\u00e1 v\u011bda<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u016fvod a v\u00fdvoj geografick\u00fdch informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f (GIS) Ran\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy a zrod GIS Historie GIS sah\u00e1 a\u017e k omezen\u00edm tradi\u010dn\u00edch map. Mapy jsou dvourozm\u011brn\u00e1 zobrazen\u00ed sv\u011bta, ale skute\u010dn\u00fd sv\u011bt je mnohem&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24784,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[212],"tags":[6794,20165,18875,20166,821],"class_list":["post-15089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-science","tag-geography","tag-gis","tag-mapping","tag-spatial-analysis","tag-data-visualization"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15089"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24785,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15089\/revisions\/24785"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24784"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}