{"id":15274,"date":"2021-03-09T11:56:50","date_gmt":"2021-03-09T11:56:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15274"},"modified":"2021-03-09T11:56:50","modified_gmt":"2021-03-09T11:56:50","slug":"identical-twins-not-as-identical-as-we-thought","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/genetics\/identical-twins-not-as-identical-as-we-thought\/","title":{"rendered":"Jednovaje\u010dn\u00e1 dvoj\u010data: Ne tak identick\u00e1, jak jsme si mysleli"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data: Nejsou tak identick\u00e1, jak jsme si mysleli<\/h2>\n\n<p>O identick\u00fdch dvoj\u010datech se \u010dasto mysl\u00ed, \u017ee jsou geneticky identick\u00e1, ale nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum ukazuje, \u017ee to nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b pravda. Jak dvoj\u010data rostou a vyv\u00edjej\u00ed se, mohou z\u00edskat svou vlastn\u00ed jedine\u010dnou sadu mutac\u00ed, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm genetick\u00fdm rozd\u00edl\u016fm mezi nimi.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Somatick\u00e9 mutace u identick\u00fdch dvoj\u010dat<\/h3>\n\n<p>Somatick\u00e9 mutace jsou mutace, kter\u00e9 se vyskytuj\u00ed v bu\u0148k\u00e1ch t\u011bla po po\u010det\u00ed. Tyto mutace mohou vzniknout b\u011bhem bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho d\u011blen\u00ed nebo v d\u016fsledku vystaven\u00ed faktor\u016fm \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jako je radiace nebo chemik\u00e1lie.<\/p>\n\n<p>Studie proveden\u00e1 Rui Li na McGill University zjistila, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd p\u00e1r dvoj\u010dat m\u00e1 359 somatick\u00fdch mutac\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m genomu, kter\u00e9 v\u0161echny nastaly b\u011bhem \u010dasn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje. Tyto mutace mohou ovlivnit \u0159adu gen\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b gen\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou zapojeny do fyzick\u00e9ho vzhledu, n\u00e1chylnosti k nemocem a chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed genetick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi identick\u00fdmi dvoj\u010daty<\/h3>\n\n<p>Krom\u011b somatick\u00fdch mutac\u00ed se mohou identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data li\u0161it i v dal\u0161\u00edch genetick\u00fdch ohledech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jeden z dvoj\u010dat m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt jin\u00fd po\u010det kopi\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho genu ne\u017e druh\u00e9 dvoj\u010de. Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 varianta po\u010dtu kopi\u00ed (CNV).<\/p>\n\n<p>CNV mohou m\u00edt v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv na zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jednomu z dvoj\u010dat ve studii Carla Brudera z University of Alabama v Birminghamu chyb\u011bly n\u011bkter\u00e9 geny na ur\u010dit\u00fdch chromosomech, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010dovaly riziko leuk\u00e9mie, kterou skute\u010dn\u011b trp\u011bl. Druh\u00e9 dvoj\u010de tyto chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed geny nem\u011blo a leuk\u00e9mii nedostalo.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implikace pro studie dvoj\u010dat<\/h3>\n\n<p>Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data nejsou ve skute\u010dnosti geneticky identick\u00e1, m\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro studie dvoj\u010dat. Studie dvoj\u010dat se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed role gen\u016f a prost\u0159ed\u00ed u komplexn\u00edch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, jako je schizofrenie a autismus.<\/p>\n\n<p>Pokud identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data nejsou geneticky identick\u00e1, je obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ur\u010dit, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry geny p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k t\u011bmto nemocem. Nav\u00edc m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data jako kontroln\u00ed skupinu ve studi\u00edch environment\u00e1ln\u00edch rizikov\u00fdch faktor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n\n<p>Objev, \u017ee identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data nejsou tak geneticky identick\u00e1, jak jsme si kdysi mysleli, m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed genetiky a nemoc\u00ed. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 tyto genetick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly zohlednit p\u0159i interpretaci v\u00fdsledk\u016f studi\u00ed dvoj\u010dat a p\u0159i rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed o l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010di o identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kolik somatick\u00fdch mutac\u00ed se vyskytne u identick\u00fdch dvoj\u010dat b\u011bhem \u010dasn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Studie proveden\u00e1 Rui Li na McGill University zjistila, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd p\u00e1r dvoj\u010dat m\u00e1 359 somatick\u00fdch mutac\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m genomu, kter\u00e9 v\u0161echny nastaly b\u011bhem \u010dasn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak\u00e9 jsou genetick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi identick\u00fdmi dvoj\u010daty?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Krom\u011b somatick\u00fdch mutac\u00ed se mohou identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data li\u0161it i v dal\u0161\u00edch genetick\u00fdch ohledech, nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Varianty po\u010dtu kopi\u00ed (CNV)<\/strong>: Jeden z dvoj\u010dat m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt jin\u00fd po\u010det kopi\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho genu ne\u017e druh\u00e9 dvoj\u010de.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed DNA (mtDNA)<\/strong>: mtDNA se p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1 z matky na d\u00edt\u011b a identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data mohou m\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00e9 sekvence mtDNA, pokud zd\u011bdila r\u016fznou mtDNA od sv\u00e9 matky.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Epigenetick\u00e9 modifikace<\/strong>: Jedn\u00e1 se o zm\u011bny DNA, kter\u00e9 nem\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed sekvenci, ale mohou ovlivnit expresi gen\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak mohou genetick\u00e9 variace ovlivnit zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky identick\u00fdch dvoj\u010dat?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Genetick\u00e9 variace mezi identick\u00fdmi dvoj\u010daty mohou ovlivnit jejich zdravotn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky \u0159adou zp\u016fsob\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jeden z dvoj\u010dat m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k ur\u010dit\u00e9 nemoci ne\u017e druh\u00e9 dvoj\u010de, nebo mohou reagovat odli\u0161n\u011b na stejnou l\u00e9\u010dbu.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak\u00e1 jsou omezen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed identick\u00fdch dvoj\u010dat v genetick\u00fdch studi\u00edch?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data nejsou ve skute\u010dnosti geneticky identick\u00e1, omezuje jejich pou\u017eit\u00ed v genetick\u00fdch studi\u00edch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ur\u010dit, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry geny p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed ke komplexn\u00edm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm, a m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data jako kontroln\u00ed skupinu ve studi\u00edch environment\u00e1ln\u00edch rizikov\u00fdch faktor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mohou identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data uniknout vra\u017ed\u011b d\u00edky sv\u00fdm genetick\u00fdm podobnostem?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 by nazna\u010dovaly, \u017ee by identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data mohla uniknout vra\u017ed\u011b d\u00edky sv\u00fdm genetick\u00fdm podobnostem. I kdy\u017e identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data mohou sd\u00edlet mnoho fyzick\u00fdch a genetick\u00fdch charakteristik, st\u00e1le jsou dv\u011bma samostatn\u00fdmi jedinci se sv\u00fdmi vlastn\u00edmi jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi my\u0161lenkami, pocity a motivacemi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Identick\u00e1 dvoj\u010data: Nejsou tak identick\u00e1, jak jsme si mysleli O identick\u00fdch dvoj\u010datech se \u010dasto mysl\u00ed, \u017ee jsou geneticky identick\u00e1, ale nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum ukazuje, \u017ee to nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b pravda. Jak dvoj\u010data&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1628],"tags":[16486,188,20372,20368,8138,20370,20371,20369],"class_list":["post-15274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genetics","tag-epigenetics","tag-genetics","tag-genetics-and-disease","tag-identical-twins","tag-nature-vs-nurture","tag-somatic-mutations","tag-copy-number-variants","tag-twin-studies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15274"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15274\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15275,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15274\/revisions\/15275"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}