{"id":15315,"date":"2019-06-29T09:01:50","date_gmt":"2019-06-29T09:01:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15315"},"modified":"2019-06-29T09:01:50","modified_gmt":"2019-06-29T09:01:50","slug":"ancient-maya-origins-hermaphrodite-papaya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/biology\/ancient-maya-origins-hermaphrodite-papaya\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u016fvod pap\u00e1ji: Jak starov\u011bc\u00ed Mayov\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ili modern\u00ed ovoce"},"content":{"rendered":"

Starov\u011bc\u00ed Mayov\u00e9 a p\u016fvod modern\u00edho pap\u00e1ji<\/h2>\n\n

Genetick\u00e9 objevy odhaluj\u00ed \u00falohu lidsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru<\/h2>\n\n

Pap\u00e1ja, obl\u00edben\u00e9 ovoce u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, m\u00e1 fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed historii, kterou lze vysledovat a\u017e ke starov\u011bk\u00e9 maysk\u00e9 civilizaci. Ned\u00e1vn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum vrhl nov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo na p\u016fvod hermafroditick\u00e9 pap\u00e1je, odr\u016fdy, kter\u00e1 se dnes p\u011bstuje nej\u010dast\u011bji.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1hada pohlav\u00ed pap\u00e1ji<\/h2>\n\n

Pap\u00e1je se vyskytuj\u00ed ve t\u0159ech pohlav\u00edch: sam\u010d\u00edm, sami\u010d\u00edm a hermafroditick\u00e9m. Pouze hermafroditick\u00e9 stromy produkuj\u00ed velk\u00e9, chutn\u00e9 plody, kter\u00fdch si cen\u00ed komer\u010dn\u00ed p\u011bstitel\u00e9. Zem\u011bd\u011blci v\u0161ak nemohou ur\u010dit, kter\u00e1 semena vyrostou v hermafroditick\u00e9 rostliny, co\u017e vede k n\u00e1kladn\u00e9mu a \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9mu procesu s\u00e1zen\u00ed mnoha semen a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho vy\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed nehermafroditick\u00fdch rostlin.<\/p>\n\n

Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed May\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Aby v\u011bdci l\u00e9pe porozum\u011bli genetick\u00e9mu z\u00e1kladu ur\u010den\u00ed pohlav\u00ed pap\u00e1ji, provedli na University of Illinois studii, kter\u00e1 porovn\u00e1vala genetiku sam\u010d\u00edch divok\u00fdch pap\u00e1j a p\u011bstovan\u00fdch hermafroditick\u00fdch pap\u00e1j. Jejich zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee hermafroditick\u00e1 pap\u00e1ja vznikla v d\u016fsledku lidsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b starov\u011bk\u00fdmi Mayi.<\/p>\n\n

D\u016fkazy ze sexu\u00e1ln\u00edch chromozom\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci sekvenovali a porovnali pohlavn\u00ed chromozomy sam\u010d\u00edch a hermafroditick\u00fdch pap\u00e1j. Zjistili, \u017ee oba typy chromozom\u016f byly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 toto\u017en\u00e9, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee evolu\u010dn\u00ed ud\u00e1lost, kter\u00e1 zp\u016fsobila jejich rozchod, nastala pom\u011brn\u011b ned\u00e1vno.<\/p>\n\n

Datov\u00e1n\u00ed rozchodu<\/h2>\n\n

Anal\u00fdzou genetick\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f v\u011bdci odhadli, \u017ee k rozchodu mezi sam\u010d\u00ed a hermafroditickou pap\u00e1jou do\u0161lo asi p\u0159ed 4 000 lety. Toto datum se shoduje se vznikem maysk\u00e9 civilizace, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee Mayov\u00e9 hr\u00e1li kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli ve v\u00fdvoji hermafroditick\u00e9 pap\u00e1ji.<\/p>\n\n

Vliv maysk\u00e9ho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Mayov\u00e9 byli zru\u010dn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci, kte\u0159\u00ed domestikovali \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu plodin, v\u010detn\u011b kuku\u0159ice, fazol\u00ed a tykv\u00ed. Jejich zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praktiky m\u011bly hlubok\u00fd dopad na v\u00fdvoj mezoamerick\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b a kultury. Objev jejich role v p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed hermafroditick\u00e9 pap\u00e1ji d\u00e1le zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jejich zem\u011bd\u011blskou vynal\u00e9zavost.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdhody hermafroditick\u00e9 pap\u00e1ji<\/h2>\n\n

Hermafroditick\u00e1 pap\u00e1ja nab\u00edz\u00ed n\u011bkolik v\u00fdhod oproti sam\u010d\u00edm a sami\u010d\u00edm rostlin\u00e1m pap\u00e1ji. Hermafroditick\u00e9 stromy produkuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdnosy, maj\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj ko\u0159en\u016f a korun a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b hnojiva a vody. V\u00fdsledkem je, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj pap\u00e1je, kter\u00e1 produkuje pouze hermafroditick\u00e9 potomstvo, by m\u011bl v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody pro p\u011bstitele pap\u00e1ji.<\/p>\n\n

Studium evoluce pohlavn\u00edch chromozom\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vn\u00fd vznik pohlavn\u00edch chromozom\u016f pap\u00e1ji (pouze asi p\u0159ed 7 miliony let) z nich \u010din\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed model pro studium evoluce pohlavn\u00edch chromozom\u016f obecn\u011b. Studiem genetick\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi sam\u010d\u00ed a hermafroditickou pap\u00e1jou mohou v\u011bdci z\u00edskat poznatky o mechanismech, kter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edd\u00ed evoluci pohlavn\u00edch chromozom\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0161eho potravinov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00fdzkum p\u016fvodu hermafroditick\u00e9 pap\u00e1ji n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 dlouhou historii a cenn\u00e9 informace, kter\u00e9 stoj\u00ed za velkou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed potravin, kter\u00e9 dnes j\u00edme. Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 praktiky starov\u011bk\u00fdch May\u016f zanechaly trval\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed v na\u0161ich potravinov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech a jejich p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky nad\u00e1le utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak\u00fdm j\u00edme.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Starov\u011bc\u00ed Mayov\u00e9 a p\u016fvod modern\u00edho pap\u00e1ji Genetick\u00e9 objevy odhaluj\u00ed \u00falohu lidsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru Pap\u00e1ja, obl\u00edben\u00e9 ovoce u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, m\u00e1 fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed historii, kterou lze vysledovat a\u017e ke starov\u011bk\u00e9 maysk\u00e9 civilizaci.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[288],"tags":[188,20419,20420,6946,4952,20421,20422,449,287],"class_list":["post-15315","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-genetics","tag-hermaphrodite-papaya","tag-history-of-food","tag-ancient-maya","tag-mesoamerica","tag-papaya","tag-sex-chromosomes","tag-plant-science","tag-agriculture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15315","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15315"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15315\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15316,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15315\/revisions\/15316"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}