Po kalifornsk\u00e9 zlat\u00e9 hore\u010dce hledali horn\u00edci nov\u00e9 a efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsoby t\u011b\u017eby zlata. Hydraulick\u00e9 dolov\u00e1n\u00ed se vyno\u0159ilo jako mocn\u00e1 technika, kter\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edvala vodn\u00ed d\u011bla s vysok\u00fdm tlakem k odst\u0159elov\u00e1n\u00ed svah\u016f a odkryt\u00ed zlatonosn\u00e9 rudy. Tato metoda byla sice vysoce \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, ale m\u011bla ni\u010div\u00fd dopad na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Proud vody pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd p\u0159i hydraulick\u00e9m dolov\u00e1n\u00ed odn\u00e1\u0161el obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u016fdy, kamen\u016f a \u00falomk\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly shozeny do \u0159ek a potok\u016f. To vedlo ke vzniku masivn\u00edch bahnotok\u016f zn\u00e1m\u00fdch jako “kluz\u00e1ky”. Tyto kluz\u00e1ky ucp\u00e1valy vodn\u00ed cesty, zaplavovaly zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu, ni\u010dily sady a zatopily m\u011bsta. Kdysi nedot\u010den\u00e9 \u0159eky Kalifornie zhn\u011bdly bahnem a \u0161kody se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily a\u017e do z\u00e1livu San Francisco.<\/p>\n\n
Jak se st\u00e1valy environment\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady hydraulick\u00e9ho dolov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1le z\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, za\u010dali zem\u011bd\u011blci a vlastn\u00edci p\u016fdy po proudu protestovat. Tvrdily, \u017ee horn\u00edci poru\u0161ovali jejich vlastnick\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a ni\u010dili pozemky a vodn\u00ed zdroje, na kter\u00fdch z\u00e1viseli. V roce 1875 vedla obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ni\u010div\u00e1 povode\u0148 st\u00e1tn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdra Williama Hammonda Halla k vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161okuj\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy popisuj\u00edc\u00ed rozsah \u0161kod zp\u016fsoben\u00fdch hydraulick\u00fdm dolov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n
S podporou politicky mocn\u00e9 Central Pacific Railroad podali zem\u011bd\u011blci feder\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017ealobu proti North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company, jednomu z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch provozovatel\u016f hydraulick\u00e9ho dolov\u00e1n\u00ed v Kalifornii. P\u0159\u00edpad zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Woodruff v. North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company trval t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dva roky a zahrnoval horu sv\u011bdectv\u00ed a d\u016fkaz\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
V roce 1884 soudce Lorenzo Sawyer vynesl pr\u016flomov\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed ve prosp\u011bch zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f. P\u0159esto\u017ee uznal, \u017ee hydraulick\u00e9 dolov\u00e1n\u00ed samo o sob\u011b nebylo neleg\u00e1ln\u00ed, rozhodl, \u017ee spole\u010dnost North Bloomfield poru\u0161ila pr\u00e1va vlastn\u00edk\u016f p\u016fdy po proudu t\u00edm, \u017ee vyhazovala sv\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed zbytky do \u0159eky. Soud na\u0159\u00eddil spole\u010dnosti, aby sv\u00e9 zbytky zadr\u017eela a zabr\u00e1nila jim ve vstupu do vodn\u00edch tok\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Rozhodnut\u00ed Woodruff v podstat\u011b ukon\u010dilo \u00e9ru velkoobjemov\u00e9ho hydraulick\u00e9ho dolov\u00e1n\u00ed v Kalifornii. T\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti byly nuceny p\u0159ijmout \u0161etrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metody k \u017eivotn\u00edmu prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jako je zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed zbytk\u016f za hr\u00e1zemi. Hydraulick\u00e9 dolov\u00e1n\u00ed nad\u00e1le upadalo tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm environment\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159edpis\u016fm a objevov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch zlat\u00fdch lo\u017eisek v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech zem\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Opou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 m\u00edsta hydraulick\u00e9ho dolov\u00e1n\u00ed v Kalifornii, jako je Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, slou\u017e\u00ed jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka ni\u010div\u00fdch environment\u00e1ln\u00edch dopad\u016f t\u00e9to kdysi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed praxe. Tato m\u00edsta byla zachov\u00e1na pro sv\u016fj historick\u00fd v\u00fdznam a nab\u00edzej\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016fm pohled na v\u00fdzvy a d\u016fsledky vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho rozvoje s ochranou \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
P\u0159\u00edpad Woodruff vytvo\u0159il d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed precedens t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se vztahu mezi pr\u00e1vy na vodu a ochranou \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u00e1va na vodu ned\u00e1vaj\u00ed vlastn\u00edk\u016fm p\u016fdy pr\u00e1vo zne\u010di\u0161\u0165ovat nebo ni\u010dit p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje. Tato z\u00e1sada byla z\u00e1sadn\u00ed p\u0159i formov\u00e1n\u00ed environment\u00e1ln\u00edho pr\u00e1va a politiky ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech i jinde.<\/p>\n\n
Navzdory obrovsk\u00fdm \u010d\u00e1stk\u00e1m investovan\u00fdm do hydraulick\u00e9ho dolov\u00e1n\u00ed byly finan\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdnosy nakonec mal\u00e9. Podle odhad\u016f utratila spole\u010dnost North Bloomfield Gravel Mining Company za \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c. Environment\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161kody zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 hydraulick\u00fdm dolov\u00e1n\u00edm daleko p\u0159eva\u017eovaly nad jak\u00fdmikoli ekonomick\u00fdmi v\u00fdhodami a zd\u016fraz\u0148ovaly nerozumnost sledov\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdch zisk\u016f na \u00fakor dlouhodob\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hydraulick\u00e9 dolov\u00e1n\u00ed: P\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e1 studie v oblasti environment\u00e1ln\u00edho pr\u00e1va Zlat\u00e1 hore\u010dka a rozmach hydraulick\u00e9ho dolov\u00e1n\u00ed Po kalifornsk\u00e9 zlat\u00e9 hore\u010dce hledali horn\u00edci nov\u00e9 a efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsoby t\u011b\u017eby zlata. Hydraulick\u00e9 dolov\u00e1n\u00ed se vyno\u0159ilo…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24227,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[20483,20481,20480,877,20482,6940],"class_list":["post-15374","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environmental-science","tag-california-history","tag-environmental-law","tag-hydraulic-mining","tag-environmental-protection","tag-water-rights","tag-gold-rush"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15374","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15374"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15374\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24228,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15374\/revisions\/24228"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24227"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15374"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15374"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15374"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}