V hlubin\u00e1ch barmsk\u00e9ho, francouzsk\u00e9ho a kanadsk\u00e9ho jantaru v\u011bdci odhalili skryt\u00fd poklad: \u201epekeln\u00e9 mravence\u201c, skupinu prav\u011bk\u00fdch mravenc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eili p\u0159ed 78 a\u017e 99 miliony let. Tito pozoruhodn\u00ed tvorov\u00e9 se sv\u00fdmi \u0161avlovit\u00fdmi kusadly vrhli nov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo na ranou evoluci mravenc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
\u201ePekeln\u00ed mravenci\u201c neboli haidomyrmecini p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00ed dosud objeven\u00e9 prav\u00e9 mravence. Jejich jedine\u010dn\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 rysy, v\u010detn\u011b dlouh\u00fdch spou\u0161t\u011bc\u00edch chloupk\u016f na obli\u010deji a hust\u00fdch vousk\u016f na \u010dele, nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee se brzy v historii mravenc\u016f od\u0161t\u011bpili od p\u016fvodn\u00edho p\u0159edka mravenc\u016f a vos.<\/p>\n\n
Nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rysem pekeln\u00fdch mravenc\u016f jsou jejich vzh\u016fru sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed kusadla. Tato neobvykl\u00e1 adaptace nazna\u010duje, \u017ee napichovali svou ko\u0159ist do nebe, podobn\u011b jako dne\u0161n\u00ed mravenci s \u010delistn\u00edmi pastmi. Drobn\u00e1 r\u00fdhov\u00e1n\u00ed na vnit\u0159n\u00ed stran\u011b jejich \u010delist\u00ed mohla b\u00fdt pou\u017eita k nasm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00fdch tekutin sm\u011brem k \u00fast\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n
Aby ur\u010dili evolu\u010dn\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed pekeln\u00fdch mravenc\u016f, analyzovali v\u011bdci jejich fyzick\u00e9 rysy a porovnali je s rysy \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch skupin mravenc\u016f a jejich p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch. Tato anal\u00fdza odhalila, \u017ee haidomyrmecini ob\u00fdvali n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011btv\u00ed rodokmenu mravenc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Na rozd\u00edl od fiktivn\u00edch film\u016f nemohou v\u011bdci extrahovat DNA p\u0159\u00edmo ze vzork\u016f uzav\u0159en\u00fdch v jantaru. M\u00edsto toho se spol\u00e9haj\u00ed na nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 metody, jako je radiokarbonov\u00e9 datov\u00e1n\u00ed okoln\u00edho jantaru a anal\u00fdza fyzick\u00fdch rys\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Uchov\u00e1n\u00ed v jantaru hraje kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v porozum\u011bn\u00ed evoluce mravenc\u016f. Dostupnost dob\u0159e zachoval\u00fdch mraven\u010d\u00edch fosili\u00ed je v\u0161ak omezena st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm z\u00e1znamem jantaru. Budouc\u00ed objevy v jantaru z jin\u00fdch region\u016f, jako je \u0160pan\u011blsko a Libanon, mohou je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it \u010dasovou osu evoluce mravenc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Sb\u011br zkamen\u011blin v jantaru p\u0159edstavuje \u0159adu vlastn\u00edch v\u00fdzev. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech, jako jsou lignitov\u00e9 doly v Indii, je jantar \u010dasto vy\u0159azov\u00e1n nebo spalov\u00e1n jako repelent proti hmyzu. V\u011bdci mus\u00ed z\u00e1vodit s \u010dasem, aby nasb\u00edrali kousky jantaru je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e budou zni\u010deny.<\/p>\n\n
Objev pekeln\u00fdch mravenc\u016f v\u00fdrazn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed historie mravenc\u016f. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee ran\u00e9 linie mravenc\u016f se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161ily od modern\u00edch mravenc\u016f a m\u011bly podivn\u00e9 adaptace, kter\u00e9 bychom si bez t\u011bchto zkamen\u011bl\u00fdch exempl\u00e1\u0159\u016f nemohli ani p\u0159edstavit.<\/p>\n\n
Pekeln\u00ed mravenci se sv\u00fdm jedine\u010dn\u00fdm \u010delistn\u00edm projevem a evolu\u010dn\u00edm v\u00fdznamem slou\u017e\u00ed jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 rozmanitosti a slo\u017eitosti \u017eivota, kter\u00fd existoval p\u0159ed miliony let. Jak v\u011bdci pokra\u010duj\u00ed v odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed a anal\u00fdze zkamen\u011blin uzav\u0159en\u00fdch v jantaru, m\u016f\u017eeme o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee z\u00edsk\u00e1me je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce poznatk\u016f o p\u016fvodu a evoluci nej\u00fa\u017easn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch tvor\u016f na\u0161\u00ed planety.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Prav\u011bc\u00ed \u0161avlozub\u00ed mravenci: Jedni z nejstar\u0161\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b Objev pekeln\u00fdch mravenc\u016f v jantaru V hlubin\u00e1ch barmsk\u00e9ho, francouzsk\u00e9ho a kanadsk\u00e9ho jantaru v\u011bdci odhalili skryt\u00fd poklad: \u201epekeln\u00e9 mravence\u201c, skupinu prav\u011bk\u00fdch mravenc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[138],"tags":[20631,20630,20629,137,141,20628],"class_list":["post-15482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-paleontology","tag-ant-evolution","tag-amber-fossils","tag-saber-toothed-ants","tag-paleontology","tag-natural-history","tag-ancient-ants"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15482","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15482"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15482\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15483,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15482\/revisions\/15483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15482"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15482"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15482"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}