Archeologov\u00e9 p\u0159esunuli svou pozornost z Evropy do Afriky, aby odhalili p\u016fvod \u010dlov\u011bka. Objev d\u00edt\u011bte z Taungu v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe v roce 1924 zp\u016fsobil revoluci v na\u0161em ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 evoluce a zam\u011b\u0159il pozornost na africk\u00e9 “kol\u00e9bky lidstva”.<\/p>\n\n
Dnes existuje n\u011bkolik fosiln\u00edch kandid\u00e1t\u016f na nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hominidy, kte\u0159\u00ed se datuj\u00ed do doby p\u0159ed 5-7 miliony let. Objev “Ardi” v roce 2009 p\u0159inesl nov\u00e9 poznatky o v\u00fdvoji ch\u016fze u hominid\u016f.<\/p>\n\n
Tempo archeologick\u00fdch objev\u016f je rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdy d\u0159\u00edve. Nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum vedl k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed na\u0161eho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 evoluce.<\/p>\n\n
V Africe roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily objevy nov\u00fdch fosiln\u00edch hominid\u016f na\u0161e znalosti o na\u0161ich p\u0159edc\u00edch. Australopit\u00e9kov\u00e9 jako Australopithecus deryiremeda a Australopithecus sediba p\u0159epracovali lidsk\u00fd rodokmen.<\/p>\n\n
Tak\u00e9 pohledy na Homo sapiens se zm\u011bnily. Fos\u00edlie z Maroka nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 druh se v Africe objevil asi p\u0159ed 300 000 lety, tedy d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo. Objevy z Evropy a Asie, v\u010detn\u011b z\u00e1hadn\u00fdch “hobbit\u016f” na Floresu a denisovan\u016f na Sibi\u0159i, nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee na\u0161i p\u0159edci se mohli setkat s jin\u00fdmi hominidy, kdy\u017e se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ili z Afriky.<\/p>\n\n
Vzestup starov\u011bk\u00e9 DNA zp\u016fsobil revoluci v archeologick\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu. Od roku 2010 poskytlo sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch genom\u016f nov\u00e9 poznatky o p\u016fvodu a ran\u00e9 historii na\u0161eho druhu.<\/p>\n\n
Starov\u011bk\u00e1 DNA odhalila, \u017ee se modern\u00ed lid\u00e9 a neandert\u00e1lci k\u0159\u00ed\u017eili b\u011bhem posledn\u00ed doby ledov\u00e9 a mnoho lid\u00ed v dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b nese n\u011bjakou neandert\u00e1lskou DNA. Byli tak\u00e9 identifikov\u00e1ni z\u00e1hadn\u00ed denisovan\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se k\u0159\u00ed\u017eili s n\u00e1mi a neandert\u00e1lci.<\/p>\n\n
Starov\u011bk\u00e1 DNA se nyn\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b jeskynn\u00edch usazenin a \u017ev\u00fdka\u010dek, co\u017e poskytuje nov\u00e9 pohledy na individu\u00e1ln\u00ed a rodinn\u00e9 vztahy, stejn\u011b jako na starov\u011bk\u00e9 diety a nemoci.<\/p>\n\n
DNA nen\u00ed jedinou molekulou, kter\u00e1 revolucionuje studium minulosti. Paleoproteomika, studium starov\u011bk\u00fdch protein\u016f, spojila 9 stop vysokou, 1300 liber v\u00e1\u017e\u00edc\u00ed vyhynulou opici s dne\u0161n\u00edmi orangutany.<\/p>\n\n
Zubn\u00ed k\u00e1men odhalil informace o starov\u011bk\u00fdch diet\u00e1ch, v\u010detn\u011b konzumace ml\u00e9ka, a vrhl sv\u011btlo na lidsk\u00fd st\u0159evn\u00ed mikrobiom. Lipidov\u00e9 zbytky zachycen\u00e9 v keramice poskytly informace o p\u016fvodu konzumace ml\u00e9ka a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch hrnc\u016f jako d\u011btsk\u00fdch lahv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Archeologov\u00e9 tak\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed Big Data ke zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed velkoplo\u0161n\u00fdch vzorc\u016f. Leteck\u00e9 sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed a satelitn\u00ed sn\u00edmky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016fm objevovat nov\u00e1 nalezi\u0161t\u011b a monitorovat existuj\u00edc\u00ed nalezi\u0161t\u011b, kter\u00e1 jsou ohro\u017eena. Drony poskytuj\u00ed detailn\u00ed pohledy na nalezi\u0161t\u011b a pom\u00e1haj\u00ed pochopit jejich konstrukci a bojovat proti rabov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Technologie LIDAR vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 3D mapy krajin a odhaluje starov\u011bk\u00e1 m\u011bsta skryt\u00e1 v hust\u00e9 vegetaci. Radar pro pr\u016fzkum p\u016fdy detekuje podzemn\u00ed struktury bez v\u00fdkop\u016f. T\u00fdmy archeolog\u016f kombinuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 datov\u00e9 soubory, aby pochopili dopady \u010dlov\u011bka na planetu po tis\u00edce let.<\/p>\n\n
Technologick\u00fd pokrok podporuje nov\u00e1 spojen\u00ed mezi v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky. Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k identifikaci starov\u011bk\u00fdch obraz\u016f v Peru. Crowdsourcing pom\u00e1h\u00e1 nal\u00e9zt nov\u00e1 archeologick\u00e1 nalezi\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Partnerstv\u00ed mezi archeology a v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi specialisty vedou k inovativn\u00edmu v\u00fdzkumu. Hnut\u00ed Open Science podporuje sd\u00edlen\u00ed a zp\u0159\u00edstup\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed dat. Programy ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 archeologie, komunitn\u00ed v\u00fdkopy a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed muzejn\u00ed sb\u00edrky zp\u0159\u00edstup\u0148uj\u00ed archeologii v\u00edce lidem.<\/p>\n\n
Archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum poskytuje poznatky o zm\u011bn\u011b klimatu a o tom, jak se sta\u0159\u00ed lid\u00e9 vyrovn\u00e1vali s n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdmi prost\u0159ed\u00edmi. Studie uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee tradi\u010dn\u00ed praktiky, jako je pastevectv\u00ed, mohou podporovat biodiverzitu a zdrav\u00e9 krajiny.<\/p>\n\n
Archeologov\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed sv\u00fdmi metodami, daty a perspektivami k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vize m\u00e9n\u011b po\u0161kozen\u00e9, spravedliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed planety. Studiem minulosti se m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u010dit z \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f a ne\u00fasp\u011bch\u016f na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f a pracovat na lep\u0161\u00ed budoucnosti.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Archeologie: Odhalov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f P\u016fvod \u010dlov\u011bka Archeologov\u00e9 p\u0159esunuli svou pozornost z Evropy do Afriky, aby odhalili p\u016fvod \u010dlov\u011bka. Objev d\u00edt\u011bte z Taungu v Ji\u017en\u00ed Africe v roce 1924 zp\u016fsobil revoluci…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[88,1296,20752,27,89,487,1017,497,97,34],"class_list":["post-15582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archaeology","tag-archaeology","tag-big-data","tag-biomolecules","tag-history","tag-cultural-heritage","tag-human-evolution","tag-ancient-dna","tag-technology","tag-science","tag-climate-change"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15582","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15582"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15582\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15583,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15582\/revisions\/15583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15582"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15582"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15582"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}