{"id":15872,"date":"2024-08-10T01:33:35","date_gmt":"2024-08-10T01:33:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15872"},"modified":"2024-08-10T01:33:35","modified_gmt":"2024-08-10T01:33:35","slug":"how-old-is-the-earth-a-scientific-exploration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/earth-science\/how-old-is-the-earth-a-scientific-exploration\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak star\u00e1 je Zem\u011b? Odhalen\u00ed st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed planety"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak star\u00e1 je Zem\u011b?<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stanoven\u00ed st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed planety<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee Zemi je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4,54 miliardy let, ale jak k tomuto \u010d\u00edslu dosp\u011bli? Proces zahrnuje nalezen\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00edch hornin na planet\u011b a ur\u010den\u00ed jejich st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pomoc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch technik.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hled\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch hornin<\/h2>\n\n<p>Povrch Zem\u011b je neust\u00e1le p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159en deskovou tektonikou, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nalezen\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u011b star\u00fdch hornin m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. Geologov\u00e9 v\u0161ak identifikovali mal\u00fd kousek zirkonu v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Austr\u00e1lii, kter\u00fd je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mou horninu na Zemi.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Radiometrick\u00e9 datovac\u00ed techniky<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u011bdci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed radiometrick\u00e9 datov\u00e1n\u00ed k ur\u010den\u00ed st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed hornin a dal\u0161\u00edch geologick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Tato technika je zalo\u017eena na radioaktivn\u00edm rozpadu ur\u010dit\u00fdch prvk\u016f, jako je uhl\u00edk-14 a uran, na jin\u00e9 prvky p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnou rychlost\u00ed. M\u011b\u0159en\u00edm pom\u011bru mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho prvku k dce\u0159in\u00e9mu prvku mohou v\u011bdci vypo\u010d\u00edtat, jak dlouho se hornina vytvo\u0159ila.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Datov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00edkem-14<\/h2>\n\n<p>Datov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00edkem-14 je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 radiometrick\u00e1 datovac\u00ed technika, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k datov\u00e1n\u00ed organick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f star\u00fdch a\u017e p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 000 let. Tato technika m\u011b\u0159\u00ed pom\u011br izotop\u016f uhl\u00edku-14 k uhl\u00edku-12 v materi\u00e1lu. Jeliko\u017e se uhl\u00edk-14 rozpad\u00e1 na dus\u00edk-14 zn\u00e1mou rychlost\u00ed, pom\u011br uhl\u00edku-14 k uhl\u00edku-12 se \u010dasem sni\u017euje.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Datov\u00e1n\u00ed uranem-olovem<\/h2>\n\n<p>Datov\u00e1n\u00ed uranem-olovem je dal\u0161\u00ed radiometrick\u00e1 datovac\u00ed technika, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k datov\u00e1n\u00ed hornin a miner\u00e1l\u016f obsahuj\u00edc\u00edch uran. Uran-238 se rozpad\u00e1 na olovo-206 konstantn\u00ed rychlost\u00ed a m\u011b\u0159en\u00edm pom\u011bru uranu-238 k olovu-206 mohou v\u011bdci ur\u010dit st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed horniny.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u011bk Zem\u011b<\/h2>\n\n<p>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b anal\u00fdzy starov\u011bk\u00e9 zirkonov\u00e9 horniny z Austr\u00e1lie v\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee Zemi je nejm\u00e9n\u011b 4,374 miliardy let. Je v\u0161ak pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee Zem\u011b je je\u0161t\u011b star\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee nejstar\u0161\u00ed horniny mohly b\u00fdt zni\u010deny nebo recyklov\u00e1ny procesy deskov\u00e9 tektoniky.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u016fkazy z jin\u00fdch zdroj\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<p>Krom\u011b radiometrick\u00e9ho datov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u011bdci tak\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazn\u00ed \u0159ady k podpo\u0159e odhadovan\u00e9ho v\u011bku Zem\u011b. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Studie meteorit\u016f:<\/strong> Meteority jsou \u00falomky hornin z jin\u00fdch planet a asteroid\u016f. Studiem slo\u017een\u00ed a st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed meteorit\u016f mohou v\u011bdci z\u00edskat poznatky o vzniku a st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy, v\u010detn\u011b Zem\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed vzorky:<\/strong> Vzorky odebran\u00e9 z M\u011bs\u00edce b\u011bhem mis\u00ed Apollo byly datov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed radiometrick\u00fdch technik a poskytly d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee M\u011bs\u00edci je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4,51 miliardy let, co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 odhadovan\u00e9mu v\u011bku Zem\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nejistoty a zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee maj\u00ed v\u011bdci dobrou p\u0159edstavu o st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed Zem\u011b, st\u00e1le existuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 nejistoty a prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u00fdzkum za \u00fa\u010delem zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed odhadu. Radiometrick\u00e9 datovac\u00ed techniky maj\u00ed sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed a p\u0159esnost v\u00fdsledk\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ovlivn\u011bna faktory, jako je kontaminace a p\u0159\u00edtomnost dal\u0161\u00edch radioaktivn\u00edch prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jak se zp\u0159\u00edstup\u0148uj\u00ed nov\u00e9 \u00fadaje a techniky, v\u011bdci neust\u00e1le zdokonaluj\u00ed sv\u00e9 ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bku a historie Zem\u011b.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jak star\u00e1 je Zem\u011b? Stanoven\u00ed st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed planety V\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee Zemi je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 4,54 miliardy let, ale jak k tomuto \u010d\u00edslu dosp\u011bli? Proces zahrnuje nalezen\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00edch hornin na planet\u011b a&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":24030,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[212],"tags":[21093,21094,207,21091,210,572,21092],"class_list":["post-15872","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-earth-science","tag-carbon-14-dating","tag-uranium-lead-dating","tag-geology","tag-radiometric-dating","tag-plate-tectonics","tag-earth-science","tag-zircon"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15872","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15872"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15872\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15873,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15872\/revisions\/15873"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24030"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15872"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15872"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15872"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}