{"id":15890,"date":"2020-03-15T13:48:30","date_gmt":"2020-03-15T13:48:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=15890"},"modified":"2020-03-15T13:48:30","modified_gmt":"2020-03-15T13:48:30","slug":"climate-change-extinction-woolly-rhinoceros","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/natural-history\/climate-change-extinction-woolly-rhinoceros\/","title":{"rendered":"Srstnat\u00fd nosoro\u017eec: lov nebo zm\u011bny klimatu vedly k jeho vyhynut\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zm\u011bny klimatu, nikoliv lov, mohly vyhubit srstnat\u00e9ho nosoro\u017ece<\/h2>\n\n

Kdysi prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed srstnat\u00fd nosoro\u017eec<\/h2>\n\n

Srstnat\u00fd nosoro\u017eec, ikonick\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed doby ledov\u00e9, putovalo po Zemi stovky tis\u00edc let. Tito ob\u0159\u00ed b\u00fdlo\u017eravci, srovnateln\u00ed svou velikost\u00ed se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi b\u00edl\u00fdmi nosoro\u017eci, ob\u00fdvali chladn\u00fd stepn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m severn\u00ed Eurasie, zejm\u00e9na na Sibi\u0159i. Jejich charakteristick\u00e9 zak\u0159iven\u00e9 rohy, ten\u010d\u00ed a ost\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u sou\u010dasn\u00fdch nosoro\u017ec\u016f, byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k odhrnov\u00e1n\u00ed sn\u011bhu a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu k zmrzl\u00e9 vegetaci.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1hada vyhynut\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 14 000 lety srstnat\u00fd nosoro\u017eec z\u00e1hadn\u011b zmizel z fosiln\u00edho z\u00e1znamu. V\u011bdci tradi\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ipisovali toto vyhynut\u00ed \u201ehypot\u00e9ze nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho lovu\u201c, kter\u00e1 nazna\u010duje, \u017ee lidsk\u00fd lov tyto tvory dovedl na pokraj vyhynut\u00ed. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy v\u0161ak tuto teorii zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Genetick\u00e9 poznatky<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci analyzovali mitochondri\u00e1ln\u00ed a jadern\u00e9 genomy 14 vzork\u016f srstnat\u00e9ho nosoro\u017ece, v\u010detn\u011b mumifikovan\u00e9ho ml\u00e1d\u011bte a tk\u00e1n\u011b z \u017ealudku \u0161t\u011bn\u011bte z doby ledov\u00e9. Zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm genetick\u00e9 rozmanitosti a \u00farovn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00e9 plemenitby zjistili, \u017ee populace srstnat\u00fdch nosoro\u017ec\u016f z\u016fstala stabiln\u00ed, dokud nedo\u0161lo k prudk\u00e9mu poklesu v obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed 18 500 a\u017e 14 000 lety.<\/p>\n\n

Zm\u011bny klimatu jako vin\u00edk<\/h2>\n\n

Na\u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fapadku srstnat\u00e9ho nosoro\u017ece se shoduje s v\u00fdznamnou klimatickou ud\u00e1lost\u00ed zn\u00e1mou jako B\u00f8lling-Aller\u00f8d\u016fv interstadi\u00e1l. Toto obdob\u00ed rychl\u00e9ho oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobilo masivn\u00ed t\u00e1n\u00ed ledov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edkrov\u016f, co\u017e zv\u00fd\u0161ilo hladinu mo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 50 stop. V\u00fdsledn\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst sr\u00e1\u017eek mohl p\u0159em\u011bnit stepn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m a u\u010dinit ho m\u00e9n\u011b vhodn\u00fdm pro srstnat\u00e9ho nosoro\u017ece.<\/p>\n\n

Vlivy sn\u011bhu a vegetace<\/h2>\n\n

Siln\u00e9 sn\u011b\u017een\u00ed mohlo poh\u0159b\u00edt tr\u00e1vy, na kter\u00fdch se srstnat\u00ed nosoro\u017eci p\u00e1sli a kter\u00e9 jim slou\u017eily jako potrava, co\u017e vedlo k hladomoru. Krom\u011b toho mohlo se otepluj\u00edc\u00ed klima postupn\u011b posunout stepn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m k ke\u0159\u016fm a les\u016fm, co\u017e d\u00e1le omezilo potravinov\u00e9 zdroje nosoro\u017ec\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Lidsk\u00fd lov jako potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed faktor<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee genetick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee zm\u011bny klimatu hr\u00e1ly dominantn\u00ed roli ve vyhynut\u00ed srstnat\u00e9ho nosoro\u017ece, lidsk\u00fd lov nelze zcela vylou\u010dit. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee loveck\u00e9 schopnosti \u010dlov\u011bka dos\u00e1hly kritick\u00e9ho bodu v obdob\u00ed 4 500 let, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed pokryto genetick\u00fdmi \u00fadaji.<\/p>\n\n

Ponau\u010den\u00ed pro budoucnost<\/h2>\n\n

Vyhynut\u00ed srstnat\u00e9ho nosoro\u017ece slou\u017e\u00ed jako v\u00fdstra\u017en\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch dopadech zm\u011bn klimatu. Rychl\u00e9 oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt ni\u010div\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro druhy p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9 chladu, proto\u017ee m\u016f\u017ee naru\u0161it jejich potravinov\u00e9 zdroje a zm\u011bnit jejich stanovi\u0161t\u011b. Pochopen\u00edm slo\u017eit\u00fdch faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k vyhynut\u00ed druh\u016f, se m\u016f\u017eeme l\u00e9pe p\u0159ipravit na v\u00fdzvy, kter\u00e9 dne\u0161n\u00ed zm\u011bny klimatu p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Omezen\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu a budouc\u00ed sm\u011bry<\/h2>\n\n

Genetick\u00e9 \u00fadaje analyzovan\u00e9 v t\u00e9to studii poskytuj\u00ed cenn\u00e9 poznatky o \u00fapadku srstnat\u00e9ho nosoro\u017ece, ale maj\u00ed sv\u00e1 omezen\u00ed. Budouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum m\u00e1 za c\u00edl z\u00edskat nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vzorky s vysoce kvalitn\u00ed DNA, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prozkoumat posledn\u00ed tis\u00edcilet\u00ed vedouc\u00ed k vyhynut\u00ed nosoro\u017ece. Kombinov\u00e1n\u00edm genetick\u00fdch d\u016fkaz\u016f s dal\u0161\u00edmi liniemi zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed, jako jsou archeologick\u00e9 a ekologick\u00e9 \u00fadaje, doufaj\u00ed v\u011bdci, \u017ee z\u00edskaj\u00ed komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 formovaly osud tohoto prav\u011bk\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zm\u011bny klimatu, nikoliv lov, mohly vyhubit srstnat\u00e9ho nosoro\u017ece Kdysi prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed srstnat\u00fd nosoro\u017eec Srstnat\u00fd nosoro\u017eec, ikonick\u00e9 stvo\u0159en\u00ed doby ledov\u00e9, putovalo po Zemi stovky tis\u00edc let. Tito ob\u0159\u00ed b\u00fdlo\u017eravci, srovnateln\u00ed svou velikost\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[244],"tags":[188,21107,137,400,34],"class_list":["post-15890","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-natural-history","tag-genetics","tag-woolly-rhinoceros","tag-paleontology","tag-extinction","tag-climate-change"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15890","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15890"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15890\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15891,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15890\/revisions\/15891"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15890"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15890"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15890"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}