{"id":16003,"date":"2020-11-13T16:11:44","date_gmt":"2020-11-13T16:11:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16003"},"modified":"2020-11-13T16:11:44","modified_gmt":"2020-11-13T16:11:44","slug":"the-etymology-of-english-and-irish-surnames-a-journey-into-the-past","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/life\/culture-and-history\/the-etymology-of-english-and-irish-surnames-a-journey-into-the-past\/","title":{"rendered":"Etymologie p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed: Cesta do minulosti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Etymologi\u00ed anglick\u00fdch a irsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed: Cesta do minulosti<\/h2>\n\n

Odhalen\u00ed p\u016fvodu britsk\u00fdch a irsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z University of the West of England v Bristolu se pono\u0159ili do bohat\u00e9 tapis\u00e9rie historie a vydali se na pozoruhodnou cestu, aby odhalili p\u016fvod v\u00edce ne\u017e 45 000 p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii a Irsku. Jejich pe\u010dliv\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce vyvrcholila vytvo\u0159en\u00edm komplexn\u00edho zdroje: The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland (Oxfordsk\u00fd slovn\u00edk p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii a Irsku).<\/p>\n\n

Pokladnice p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Slovn\u00edk zahrnuje \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u00e1 sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh k vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed. Od p\u0159\u00edmo\u010dar\u00fdch po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f profesn\u00edch jmen jako Smith nebo Shepherd a\u017e po z\u00e1hadnou podstatu jin\u00fdch, jako je Campbell nebo Hislop, tento svazek odhaluje skryt\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy za t\u011bmito jazykov\u00fdmi relikviemi.<\/p>\n\n

P\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed po ko\u0159enech p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Aby mohli sledovat slo\u017eit\u00fd rodokmen t\u011bchto p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed, pono\u0159ili se v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci do mno\u017estv\u00ed historick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z 11. stolet\u00ed. St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 a modern\u00ed s\u010d\u00edtac\u00ed dokumenty, c\u00edrkevn\u00ed registry a da\u0148ov\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy poskytly cenn\u00e9 poznatky o v\u00fdvoji pravopisu a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu stalet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Vliv zem\u011bpisu a povol\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Mnoho p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o vlivu zem\u011bpisu a povol\u00e1n\u00ed. Jm\u00e9na jako Leicester nebo Taylor nazna\u010duj\u00ed rodov\u00fd domov nebo povol\u00e1n\u00ed jejich nositel\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed se v\u0161ak vzp\u00edraj\u00ed snadn\u00e9 kategorizaci a p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed pro v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 h\u00e1danky.<\/p>\n\n

Campbell: P\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e1 studie<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed Campbell slou\u017e\u00ed jako zaj\u00edmav\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdzev a odm\u011bn v\u00fdzkumu p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed. Tradi\u010dn\u011b se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee poch\u00e1z\u00ed z latinsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdrazu \u201ede campo bello\u201c (co\u017e znamen\u00e1 \u201ez kr\u00e1sn\u00e9ho pole\u201c), nov\u00e9 d\u016fkazy v\u0161ak nazna\u010duj\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u016fvod v gaelsk\u00e9m v\u00fdrazu pro \u201ek\u0159iv\u00e1 \u00fasta\u201c.<\/p>\n\n

Hislop: Skotsk\u00e1 z\u00e1hada<\/h2>\n\n

Jm\u00e9no Hislop, o kter\u00e9m se kdysi myslelo, \u017ee souvis\u00ed s nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm m\u00edstem v severn\u00ed Anglii, bylo vysledov\u00e1no a\u017e ke sv\u00fdm skute\u010dn\u00fdm skotsk\u00fdm ko\u0159en\u016fm. Jeho p\u016fvod le\u017e\u00ed ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch anglick\u00fdch slovech \u201ehasel\u201c (l\u00edska) a \u201ehop\u201c (hlubok\u00e9 uzav\u0159en\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed), kter\u00e1 vykresluj\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fd obraz krajiny, z n\u00ed\u017e vze\u0161lo.<\/p>\n\n

Rozd\u011blen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Anal\u00fdza v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f odhalila fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed ve slovn\u00edku. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee cel\u00fdch 90 % je p\u016fvodn\u00edch pro Velkou Brit\u00e1nii a Irsko, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e m\u00edstn\u00ed n\u00e1zvy tvo\u0159\u00ed 50 % a vztahy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed 23 %. P\u0159ekvapiv\u011b 19 % poch\u00e1zelo z p\u0159ezd\u00edvek, zat\u00edmco povol\u00e1n\u00ed dala vzniknout 8 %.<\/p>\n\n

Vzestup nep\u016fvodn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Zat\u00edmco tradi\u010dn\u00ed britsk\u00e1 a irsk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed nad\u00e1le dominuj\u00ed krajin\u011b, studie tak\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje rostouc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost nep\u016fvodn\u00edch jmen. Nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed Li zaznamenalo prudk\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, zat\u00edmco indick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed Patel si tak\u00e9 z\u00edskalo zna\u010dn\u00fd prostor.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam v\u00fdzkumu p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Studie zd\u016fraz\u0148uje trvalou fascinaci p\u016fvodem na\u0161ich p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed. Jak poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Samuel Lambshead z Arts and Humanities Research Council: \u201eZnalost p\u016fvodu p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed je tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, aby n\u00e1m pomohla pochopit na\u0161e vlastn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy a zmapovat p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed: Okno do minulosti<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed slou\u017e\u00ed jako \u017eiv\u00fd d\u016fkaz o \u017eivot\u011b na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f, jejich povol\u00e1n\u00edch, jejich zem\u011bpisn\u00e9m p\u016fvodu a dokonce i jejich fyzick\u00fdch vlastnostech. The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland poskytuje neoceniteln\u00fd zdroj pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho, kdo se chce pono\u0159it do bohat\u00e9 tapis\u00e9rie sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed rodinn\u00e9 historie.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Etymologi\u00ed anglick\u00fdch a irsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed: Cesta do minulosti Odhalen\u00ed p\u016fvodu britsk\u00fdch a irsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z University of the West of England v Bristolu se pono\u0159ili do bohat\u00e9 tapis\u00e9rie historie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1187],"tags":[18916,5797,21268,2622,21066,21267],"class_list":["post-16003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture-and-history","tag-british","tag-etymology","tag-irish","tag-language","tag-family-history","tag-surnames"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16003"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16004,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16003\/revisions\/16004"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}