{"id":16705,"date":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","date_gmt":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16705"},"modified":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","modified_gmt":"2021-11-27T07:16:37","slug":"volcanic-eruption-napoleons-waterloo-defeat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/history-of-science\/volcanic-eruption-napoleons-waterloo-defeat\/","title":{"rendered":"Napoleon a sopka: Mohla erupce v dalek\u00e9 Indon\u00e9sii ovlivnit bitvu u Waterloo?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Napoleonova por\u00e1\u017eka u Waterloo \u2013 sope\u010dn\u00e1 spojitost?<\/h2>\n\n

Bitva u Waterloo<\/h2>\n\n
    \n
  1. \u010dervna 1815 se odehr\u00e1la v Belgii bitva u Waterloo, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavovala rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed okam\u017eik evropsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin. V bitv\u011b se st\u0159etla francouzsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da veden\u00e1 Napoleonem Bonapartem s koalic\u00ed britsk\u00fdch, prusk\u00fdch a holandsk\u00fdch sil. Napoleonova por\u00e1\u017eka u Waterloo ve skute\u010dnosti ukon\u010dila jeho vl\u00e1du a zah\u00e1jila novou \u00e9ru evropsk\u00e9 politiky.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n

    Neobvykl\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b a Napoleon\u016fv odklad<\/h2>\n\n

    V noci p\u0159ed bitvou se nad boji\u0161t\u011bm strhla vydatn\u00e1 pr\u016ftr\u017e mra\u010den. Podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch historik\u016f Napoleon odlo\u017eil sv\u016fj postup, dokud nevyschne zem, proto\u017ee se ob\u00e1val, \u017ee bl\u00e1to bude p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eet jeho voj\u00e1k\u016fm a d\u011blost\u0159electvu. Tento odklad se uk\u00e1zal jako osudov\u00fd, proto\u017ee dal spojeneck\u00fdm sil\u00e1m \u010das se spojit a zah\u00e1jit zdrcuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fatok.<\/p>\n\n

    Sope\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdbuch v Indon\u00e9sii<\/h2>\n\n

    Nov\u00e1 studie nazna\u010duje, \u017ee \u0161patn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohlo p\u0159isp\u011bt k Napoleonov\u011b por\u00e1\u017ece, m\u011blo p\u016fvod v sope\u010dn\u00e9m v\u00fdbuchu vzd\u00e1len\u00e9m tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f. V dubnu 1815 do\u0161lo k prudk\u00e9 erupci sopky Tambora na indon\u00e9sk\u00e9m ostrov\u011b Sumbawa, kter\u00e1 do atmosf\u00e9ry uvolnila obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed popela a \u00falomk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

    Sope\u010dn\u00fd popel v ionosf\u00e9\u0159e<\/h2>\n\n

    V\u011bdci se tradi\u010dn\u011b domn\u00edvali, \u017ee sope\u010dn\u00e9 d\u00fdmy mohou dos\u00e1hnout pouze stratosf\u00e9ry, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed asi 50 kilometr\u016f nad zemsk\u00fdm povrchem. Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum Matthew J. Gengeho, geofyzika z Imperial College London, v\u0161ak nazna\u010duje, \u017ee sope\u010dn\u00fd popel m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vymr\u0161t\u011bn mnohem v\u00fd\u0161e a dos\u00e1hnout a\u017e ionosf\u00e9ry, kter\u00e1 se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 80 a\u017e 965 kilometr\u016f nad Zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

    Elektrostatick\u00e9 s\u00edly a tvorba mrak\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

    Gengeho studie odhaluje, \u017ee elektrostatick\u00e9 s\u00edly mohou poh\u00e1n\u011bt sope\u010dn\u00fd popel do ionosf\u00e9ry. Kdy\u017e elektricky nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice popela dos\u00e1hnou ionosf\u00e9ry, mohou naru\u0161it klima t\u00edm, \u017ee p\u0159itahuj\u00ed vodn\u00ed p\u00e1ru a zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed tvorbu mrak\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

    Dopad Tambory na Evropu<\/h2>\n\n

    V\u00fdbuch sopky Tambora uvolnil do atmosf\u00e9ry sulf\u00e1tov\u00e9 aerosoly, kter\u00e9 se postupn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily po severn\u00ed polokouli. P\u0159esto\u017ee se pln\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky erupce projevily a\u017e v roce 1816, zn\u00e1m\u00e9m jako \u201erok bez l\u00e9ta\u201c, je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1stice popela z erupce mohly ovlivnit tvorbu mrak\u016f a pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed vzorce v Evrop\u011b ji\u017e v \u010dervnu 1815.<\/p>\n\n

    Britsk\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

    Britsk\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o po\u010das\u00ed z roku 1815 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee l\u00e9to toho roku bylo neobvykle de\u0161tiv\u00e9. Genge nazna\u010duje, \u017ee toto zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek mohlo souviset s erupc\u00ed sopky Tambora a p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9ho popela v ionosf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n

    Erupce Krakatoa a sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00ed oblaka<\/h2>\n\n

    Dal\u0161\u00ed indon\u00e9sk\u00e1 sopka, Krakatoa, vybuchla v srpnu 1883. Kr\u00e1tce po erupci pozorovali pozorovatel\u00e9 v Anglii v\u00fdskyt zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch, sv\u00edt\u00edc\u00edch oblak\u016f vysoko v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Tyto oblaky, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako pol\u00e1rn\u00ed mezosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 oblaky, se obvykle tvo\u0159\u00ed a\u017e 85 kilometr\u016f nad zemsk\u00fdm povrchem. Jejich p\u0159\u00edtomnost kr\u00e1tce po erupci Krakatoa nazna\u010duje, \u017ee sope\u010dn\u00fd popel se skute\u010dn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee dostat do horn\u00edch vrstev atmosf\u00e9ry a ovliv\u0148ovat tvorbu mrak\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

    Napoleonova por\u00e1\u017eka: slo\u017eit\u00e1 skl\u00e1da\u010dka<\/h2>\n\n

    P\u0159esto\u017ee erupce sopky Tambora mohla p\u0159isp\u011bt k nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9mu po\u010das\u00ed u Waterloo, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee v\u00fdsledek bitvy byl ovlivn\u011bn celou \u0159adou faktor\u016f. Ob\u011b strany \u010delily stejn\u00fdm pov\u011btrnostn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m a strategick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed sehr\u00e1la v kone\u010dn\u00e9m v\u00fdsledku rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed roli.<\/p>\n\n

    Gengeova teorie: nov\u00fd pohled<\/h2>\n\n

    Genge\u016fv v\u00fdzkum nab\u00edz\u00ed nov\u00fd pohled na potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady sope\u010dn\u00fdch erupc\u00ed na pov\u011btrnostn\u00ed vzorce. T\u00edm, \u017ee prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee sope\u010dn\u00fd popel m\u016f\u017ee cestovat v\u00fd\u0161e, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve myslelo, otev\u00edr\u00e1 jeho pr\u00e1ce nov\u00e9 cesty k pochopen\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9ho vztahu mezi podneb\u00edm a sope\u010dnou \u010dinnost\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Napoleonova por\u00e1\u017eka u Waterloo \u2013 sope\u010dn\u00e1 spojitost? Bitva u Waterloo \u010dervna 1815 se odehr\u00e1la v Belgii bitva u Waterloo, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavovala rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed okam\u017eik evropsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin. V bitv\u011b se st\u0159etla francouzsk\u00e1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[27,17384,7431,1265,99,97,22102],"class_list":["post-16705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history-of-science","tag-history","tag-climate","tag-napoleon","tag-volcano","tag-lifescienceart","tag-science","tag-waterloo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16705"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16706,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16705\/revisions\/16706"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16705"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16705"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16705"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}