{"id":16774,"date":"2020-12-11T00:23:42","date_gmt":"2020-12-11T00:23:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=16774"},"modified":"2020-12-11T00:23:42","modified_gmt":"2020-12-11T00:23:42","slug":"fire-ant-rafts-engineering-marvels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/animal-behavior\/fire-ant-rafts-engineering-marvels\/","title":{"rendered":"Mraven\u010d\u00ed ostr\u016fvky: Plovouc\u00ed z\u00e1zraky p\u0159\u00edrody"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vorov\u00e9 ostr\u016fvky: In\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e9 z\u00e1zraky<\/h2>\n\n

Vznik a struktura<\/h2>\n\n

Vorov\u00e9 ostr\u016fvky jsou fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed plovouc\u00ed ostr\u016fvky, kter\u00e9 se tvo\u0159\u00ed b\u011bhem de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch bou\u0159\u00ed a z\u00e1plav. Tyto ostr\u016fvky se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z tis\u00edc\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se navz\u00e1jem dr\u017e\u00ed v\u0161emi \u0161esti nohami. Jedin\u00fd mravenec m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt a\u017e 20 nohou sv\u00fdch druh\u016f, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159idr\u017euj\u00ed jeho t\u011bla. Tato propojen\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pozoruhodn\u011b pevnou a odolnou strukturu.<\/p>\n\n

Vztlak a pru\u017enost<\/h2>\n\n

Vorov\u00e9 ostr\u016fvky maj\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 jim umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed plavat a odol\u00e1vat vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sil\u00e1m. Nohy mravenc\u016f p\u016fsob\u00ed jako mal\u00e9 tlumi\u010de n\u00e1raz\u016f, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje ostr\u016fvku absorbovat p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edly a z\u016fstat stabiln\u00ed. Mravenci nav\u00edc mohou aktivn\u011b kontrolovat tvar a hustotu sv\u00fdch ostr\u016fvk\u016f oh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00edm nebo natahov\u00e1n\u00edm nohou. Tato pru\u017enost umo\u017e\u0148uje ostr\u016fvk\u016fm p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm se podm\u00ednk\u00e1m a udr\u017eet si vztlak.<\/p>\n\n

Aktivn\u00ed kontrola<\/h2>\n\n

Ohniv\u00ed mravenci se jednodu\u0161e nevr\u0161\u00ed na sebe, aby vytvo\u0159ili ostr\u016fvky. M\u00edsto toho aktivn\u011b kontroluj\u00ed povahu sv\u00fdch struktur. Obvykle se p\u0159ipev\u0148uj\u00ed k noh\u00e1m a chodidl\u016fm sv\u00fdch soused\u016f, nikoli k jejich t\u011bl\u016fm. Toto spojen\u00ed noha k noze jim umo\u017e\u0148uje m\u011bnit tvar sv\u00fdch ostr\u016fvk\u016f a vytv\u00e1\u0159et vzduchov\u00e9 kapsy, kter\u00e9 je udr\u017euj\u00ed nad vodou.<\/p>\n\n

Spojen\u00ed noha k noze<\/h2>\n\n

Spojen\u00ed noha k noze mezi mravenci jsou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro stabilitu a funk\u010dnost ostr\u016fvk\u016f. CT sn\u00edmky odhalily, \u017ee 99 % nohou mravenc\u016f se dr\u017e\u00ed jin\u00e9ho mravence, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed \u201e\u010dern\u00ed pasa\u017e\u00e9\u0159i\u201c, pokud jde o svezen\u00ed na ostr\u016fvc\u00edch. Tato propojen\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u00e1hu a zabra\u0148uje tomu, aby byli jednotliv\u00ed mravenci smeteni.<\/p>\n\n

Slo\u017eitost a inteligence<\/h2>\n\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee v\u00fdstavba vorov\u00fdch ostr\u016fvk\u016f ohniv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f nezahrnuje v\u011bdomou inteligenci, je povaha t\u011bchto struktur mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e v\u011bdci p\u016fvodn\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1vali. Mravenci aktivn\u011b kontroluj\u00ed tvar, hustotu a vztlak sv\u00fdch ostr\u016fvk\u016f, co\u017e dokazuje pozoruhodnou \u00farove\u0148 kolektivn\u00ed inteligence.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdznam vzduchov\u00fdch kapes<\/h2>\n\n

Vzduchov\u00e9 kapsy hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli p\u0159i udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vorov\u00fdch ostr\u016fvk\u016f ohniv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f nad vodou. Mravenci aktivn\u011b odstrkuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 sousedy, aby vytvo\u0159ili tyto kapsy, kter\u00e9 zachycuj\u00ed vzduch a sni\u017euj\u00ed celkovou hustotu ostr\u016fvku. To umo\u017e\u0148uje ostr\u016fvku plavat i v hlubok\u00e9 vod\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

Technick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky<\/h2>\n\n

Architektonick\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed vorov\u00fdch ostr\u016fvk\u016f ohniv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f inspirovala in\u017een\u00fdry k v\u00fdvoji nov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a struktur. Propojen\u00e9 no\u017en\u00ed spoje a schopnost kontrolovat tvar a hustotu ostr\u016fvk\u016f maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed aplikace v oblastech, jako je robotika, m\u011bkk\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a pomoc p\u0159i katastrof\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Vorov\u00e9 ostr\u016fvky ohniv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f jsou pozoruhodn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edklady kolektivn\u00ed inteligence a technick\u00e9 zdatnosti. Schopnost mravenc\u016f vytv\u00e1\u0159et plovouc\u00ed struktury pomoc\u00ed vlastn\u00edch t\u011bl ukazuje s\u00edlu spolupr\u00e1ce a slo\u017eitost p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vorov\u00e9 ostr\u016fvky: In\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e9 z\u00e1zraky Vznik a struktura Vorov\u00e9 ostr\u016fvky jsou fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed plovouc\u00ed ostr\u016fvky, kter\u00e9 se tvo\u0159\u00ed b\u011bhem de\u0161\u0165ov\u00fdch bou\u0159\u00ed a z\u00e1plav. Tyto ostr\u016fvky se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed z tis\u00edc\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch mravenc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[312],"tags":[2155,20813,22191,17963,22190],"class_list":["post-16774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-animal-behavior","tag-engineering-marvels","tag-collective-intelligence","tag-natures-complexity","tag-fire-ants","tag-ant-rafts"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16774"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16775,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16774\/revisions\/16775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}