{"id":17022,"date":"2024-07-31T08:41:18","date_gmt":"2024-07-31T08:41:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=17022"},"modified":"2024-07-31T08:41:18","modified_gmt":"2024-07-31T08:41:18","slug":"triceratops-posture-upright-or-slouching","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/paleontology\/triceratops-posture-upright-or-slouching\/","title":{"rendered":"Postoj Triceratopse: Vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00fd nebo shrben\u00fd?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla triceratops\u016f: vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9 nebo shrben\u00e9?<\/h2>\n\n

Odhalen\u00ed z\u00e1hady pomoc\u00ed biomechaniky<\/h2>\n\n

Po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed paleontologov\u00e9 p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli o dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla triceratops\u016f, ikonick\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edroh\u00fdch dinosaur\u016f. Dr\u017eeli p\u0159edn\u00ed kon\u010detiny rovn\u011b nahoru a dol\u016f jako ostatn\u00ed dinosau\u0159i, nebo se kym\u00e1celi s lokty vystr\u010den\u00fdmi do stran?<\/p>\n\n

Zkamen\u011bl\u00e9 kostry dinosaur\u016f neposkytly jasnou odpov\u011b\u010f. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd kloub mezi pa\u017en\u00ed kost\u00ed a ramenem lze rekonstruovat v r\u016fzn\u00fdch poloh\u00e1ch, co\u017e vedlo k r\u016fzn\u00fdm interpretac\u00edm v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Kosti samy o sob\u011b vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed jen \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu<\/h2>\n\n

Podle paleontologa Johna Hutchinsona je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla dinosaur\u016f pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b kost\u00ed. \u201eSamotn\u00e9 kosti odhaluj\u00ed jen omezen\u00e9 informace o pohybu nebo dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla,\u201c vysv\u011btluje Hutchinson. \u201eM\u011bkk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b a nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m hraj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou roli a paleontologie se sna\u017e\u00ed tyto nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 faktory zohlednit.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

N\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00fdch stop ceratopsid\u016f (skupina, do kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed triceratops) nebylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 n\u00e1pomocn\u00fdch, proto\u017ee toto\u017enost tv\u016frc\u016f stop je \u010dasto nejist\u00e1. Nav\u00edc m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 spojit vzory stop s anatomi\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch druh\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Biomechanika: integrace dat pro behavior\u00e1ln\u00ed poznatky<\/h2>\n\n

\u201eBiomechanika nab\u00edz\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup k integraci v\u0161ech dostupn\u00fdch dat a testov\u00e1n\u00ed hypot\u00e9z o chov\u00e1n\u00ed,\u201c tvrd\u00ed Hutchinson. Ve studii publikovan\u00e9 v Proceedings of the Royal Society B navrhli Hutchinson a Shin-ichi Fujiwara novou biomechanickou techniku pro zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla triceratops\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Odhad moment\u016f pa\u017e\u00ed pro svaly lokt\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

M\u00edsto toho, aby se spol\u00e9hali pouze na kostn\u00ed artikulaci, Hutchinson a Fujiwara odhadli momenty pa\u017e\u00ed (p\u00e1ky) kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch sval\u016f lokt\u016f ve t\u0159ech dimenz\u00edch pomoc\u00ed orienta\u010dn\u00edch bod\u016f na kostech. Tato metoda jim umo\u017enila ur\u010dit, jak je loket mechanicky podep\u0159en proti gravitaci.<\/p>\n\n

Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pot\u00e9 zm\u011b\u0159ili momenty pa\u017e\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch sou\u010dasn\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at a stanovili vztah mezi momenty pa\u017e\u00ed a konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi postoji. Do\u0161li k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee tento vztah lze pou\u017e\u00edt na vyhynul\u00e9 tvory.<\/p>\n\n

Pou\u017eit\u00ed techniky na triceratops<\/h2>\n\n

Fujiwara a Hutchinson do sv\u00e9 studie zahrnuli n\u011bkolik vyhynul\u00fdch druh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b triceratops\u016f. Zjistili, \u017ee triceratops m\u011bl pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00ed kon\u010detiny, kter\u00e9 byly dr\u017eeny bl\u00edzko t\u011bla. Tento z\u00e1v\u011br byl podpo\u0159en tak\u00e9 d\u016fkazy z anatomie dinosaura, \u0161k\u00e1lovac\u00edch vzor\u016f a vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch stop p\u0159ipisovan\u00fdch rohat\u00fdm dinosaur\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

Polo vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00fd postoj z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Hutchinson v\u0161ak p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee jin\u00e9 d\u016fkazy mohou nazna\u010dovat polo vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00fd, rozvalen\u00fd postoj p\u0159edn\u00edch kon\u010detin u triceratops\u016f. \u201eNemysl\u00edm si, \u017ee je spor u konce,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1. \u201eAle na\u0161e metoda poskytuje siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podporu vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9mu konci spektra.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

Protoceratops: srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e1 studie<\/h2>\n\n

Triceratops nebyl jedin\u00fd zkouman\u00fd dinosaurus. Fujiwara a Hutchinson zkoumali tak\u00e9 protoceratopse, mnohem men\u0161\u00edho ceratopsida z k\u0159\u00eddov\u00e9ho Mongolska, aby pochopili, jak se dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla p\u0159edn\u00edch kon\u010detin mohlo m\u011bnit s velikost\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky byly nejednozna\u010dn\u00e9, ale protoceratops mohl m\u00edt \u201edocela vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00ed kon\u010detiny, by\u0165 mo\u017en\u00e1 ne tak moc jako triceratops.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

Nov\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pro rekonstrukci dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla kon\u010detin<\/h2>\n\n

Technika pou\u017eit\u00e1 v t\u00e9to studii m\u00e1 \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed d\u016fsledky pro rekonstrukci dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla kon\u010detin u vyhynul\u00fdch suchozemsk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena na celou \u0159adu druh\u016f s kontroverzn\u00edm dr\u017een\u00edm t\u011bla kon\u010detin.<\/p>\n\n

Aplikace na jin\u00e9 vyhynul\u00e9 druhy<\/h2>\n\n

\u201ePou\u017eili jsme na\u0161i metodu na desmostyly (ob\u0159\u00ed hrochovit\u00e1\/prase\u010d\u00ed vodn\u00ed savci) a ptakoje\u0161t\u011bra Anhanguera,\u201c vysv\u011btluje Hutchinson. \u201eZjistili jsme podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky pro desmostyly jako pro triceratops, co\u017e nazna\u010duje vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed postoj na sou\u0161i. Tak\u00e9 Anhanguera se uk\u00e1zal jako vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00fd p\u0159edn\u00edmi kon\u010detinami, ale tato anal\u00fdza se nezab\u00fdv\u00e1 debatou o tom, zda to byl dvojno\u017eec nebo \u010dty\u0159no\u017eec, tak\u017ee tyto v\u00fdsledky by m\u011bly b\u00fdt interpretov\u00e1ny opatrn\u011b.\u201c<\/p>\n\n

Ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a zp\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

Aby ov\u011b\u0159ili svou metodu, pou\u017eili ji v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci tak\u00e9 na ned\u00e1vno vyhynul\u00e9ho vakovlka, u kter\u00e9ho video a fotografick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy jasn\u011b ukazuj\u00ed vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00fd postoj. Metoda tento v\u00fdsledek \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bla.<\/p>\n\n

Trvaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1hada a budouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum<\/h2>\n\n

Kombinov\u00e1n\u00edm t\u00e9to techniky s dal\u0161\u00edmi \u0159adami d\u016fkaz\u016f doufaj\u00ed paleontologov\u00e9, \u017ee nakonec vy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1hadu dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla triceratops\u016f. Je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum, aby se z\u00edskaly dal\u0161\u00ed podrobnosti z \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1ly rohat\u00fdch dinosaur\u016f a aby se zdokonalil biomechanick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla triceratops\u016f: vzp\u0159\u00edmen\u00e9 nebo shrben\u00e9? Odhalen\u00ed z\u00e1hady pomoc\u00ed biomechaniky Po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed paleontologov\u00e9 p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli o dr\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla triceratops\u016f, ikonick\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edroh\u00fdch dinosaur\u016f. Dr\u017eeli p\u0159edn\u00ed kon\u010detiny rovn\u011b nahoru a dol\u016f jako…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":23964,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[138],"tags":[3022,8240,134,137,22477,2701],"class_list":["post-17022","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paleontology","tag-anatomy","tag-biomechanics","tag-dinosaurs","tag-paleontology","tag-posture","tag-triceratops"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17022","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17022"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17022\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17023,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17022\/revisions\/17023"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23964"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17022"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17022"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17022"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}