{"id":17042,"date":"2022-12-15T08:54:23","date_gmt":"2022-12-15T08:54:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=17042"},"modified":"2022-12-15T08:54:23","modified_gmt":"2022-12-15T08:54:23","slug":"the-opah-the-only-fully-warmblooded-fish","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/marine-biology\/the-opah-the-only-fully-warmblooded-fish\/","title":{"rendered":"Opah: Jedin\u00e1 ryba s teplou krv\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opah: Jedin\u00e1 ryba s teplou krv\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co d\u011bl\u00e1 opah jedine\u010dnou?<\/h2>\n\n<p>Opah, hlubokomo\u0159sk\u00e1 ryba se st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fdm, bal\u00f3nkovit\u00fdm t\u011blem, je pozoruhodn\u00fd tvor, kter\u00fd vynik\u00e1 mezi sv\u00fdmi vrstevn\u00edky d\u00edky jedine\u010dn\u00e9 fyziologick\u00e9 adaptaci: je to jedin\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 ryba s teplou krv\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na rozd\u00edl od v\u011bt\u0161iny ryb, kter\u00e9 jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na okoln\u00ed vod\u011b, aby regulovaly svou t\u011blesnou teplotu, si opah dok\u00e1\u017ee udr\u017eet st\u00e1lou vnit\u0159n\u00ed teplotu, co\u017e mu d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdznamnou v\u00fdhodu v jeho hlubokomo\u0159sk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdhody teplokrevnosti<\/h2>\n\n<p>Teplokrevnost poskytuje ryb\u00e1m n\u011bkolik v\u00fdhod, mimo jin\u00e9:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fd rozsah:<\/strong> Teplokrevn\u00e9 ryby mohou ob\u00fdvat \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lu prost\u0159ed\u00ed, jak v zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce, tak v hloubce, proto\u017ee nejsou omezeny teplotou okoln\u00ed vody.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 rychlost:<\/strong> Teplokrevn\u00e9 ryby maj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost metabolismu, co\u017e jim umo\u017e\u0148uje plavat rychleji a p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zlep\u0161en\u00e9 smyslov\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong> Teplokrevn\u00e9 ryby maj\u00ed teplej\u0161\u00ed o\u010di, co\u017e zlep\u0161uje jejich vid\u011bn\u00ed v temn\u00fdch hlubin\u00e1ch oce\u00e1nu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jak si opah udr\u017euje teplo<\/h2>\n\n<p>Na rozd\u00edl od savc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed teplo prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm metabolismu i v klidu, ryby se spol\u00e9haj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na aktivn\u00ed pohyb, aby si udr\u017eely t\u011blesnou teplotu. Jedine\u010dn\u00e1 adaptace opahu zahrnuje specializovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m krevn\u00edch c\u00e9v naz\u00fdvan\u00fd retia mirabilia, kter\u00fd je zabudov\u00e1n do \u017eabern\u00edch oblouk\u016f. Tento syst\u00e9m funguje jako chladi\u010d a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed teplo z krve prot\u00e9kaj\u00edc\u00ed \u017e\u00e1bry do zbytku t\u011bla.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Evoluce teplokrevnosti u ryb<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e1 teplokrevnost se u ryb vyvinula nez\u00e1visle n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t, ale z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b vz\u00e1cnou adaptac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se vyskytuje u m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 0,1 % druh\u016f ryb. Je tomu tak proto, \u017ee je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 udr\u017eet teplo ve vod\u011b, kter\u00e1 je mnohem hust\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vzduch a rychle absorbuje t\u011blesn\u00e9 teplo.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdzvy teplokrevnosti ve vod\u011b<\/h2>\n\n<p>Navzdory v\u00fdhod\u00e1m teplokrevnosti existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy spojen\u00e9 s udr\u017een\u00edm t\u011blesn\u00e9ho tepla ve vod\u011b. Jednou z hlavn\u00edch v\u00fdzev je ztr\u00e1ta tepla p\u0159es \u017e\u00e1bry, kde je krev pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu kysl\u00edku vystavena studen\u00e9 vod\u011b. Aby to p\u0159ekonaly, n\u011bkter\u00e9 ryby vyvinuly specializovan\u00e9 syst\u00e9my krevn\u00edch c\u00e9v, jako je retia mirabilia, kter\u00e9 minimalizuj\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu tepla.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Omezen\u00ed teplokrevnosti u ryb<\/h2>\n\n<p>Zat\u00edmco teplokrevnost poskytuje v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody, m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 omezen\u00ed. Teplokrevn\u00e9 ryby vy\u017eaduj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost metabolismu, aby si udr\u017eely t\u011blesnou teplotu, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edmat v\u00edce potravy. Jejich tepl\u00e1 t\u011bla je nav\u00edc \u010din\u00ed zraniteln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi v\u016f\u010di pred\u00e1tor\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tepeln\u011b citliv\u00e9 org\u00e1ny k lokalizaci sv\u00e9 ko\u0159isti.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ekologick\u00fd v\u00fdznam opahu<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jedine\u010dn\u00e1 adaptace opahu na plnou teplokrevnost mu umo\u017enila prosperovat v hlubokomo\u0159sk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde hraje d\u016fle\u017eitou roli v mo\u0159sk\u00e9m ekosyst\u00e9mu. Jako vrcholov\u00fd pred\u00e1tor opah pom\u00e1h\u00e1 regulovat populace dal\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f ryb. Jeho schopnost udr\u017eovat stabiln\u00ed t\u011blesnou teplotu mu tak\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uje ob\u00fdvat \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed \u0161k\u00e1lu stanovi\u0161\u0165, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k celkov\u00e9 rozmanitosti hlubokomo\u0159sk\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Opah: Jedin\u00e1 ryba s teplou krv\u00ed Co d\u011bl\u00e1 opah jedine\u010dnou? Opah, hlubokomo\u0159sk\u00e1 ryba se st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fdm, bal\u00f3nkovit\u00fdm t\u011blem, je pozoruhodn\u00fd tvor, kter\u00fd vynik\u00e1 mezi sv\u00fdmi vrstevn\u00edky d\u00edky jedine\u010dn\u00e9 fyziologick\u00e9 adaptaci: je&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[1647,136,4116,6438,361,22499,22500],"class_list":["post-17042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-marine-biology","tag-adaptation","tag-evolution","tag-physiology","tag-deep-sea","tag-marine-biology","tag-opah","tag-warmblooded-fish"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17042","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17042"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17042\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17043,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17042\/revisions\/17043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17042"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17042"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17042"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}