George Pullman zah\u00e1jil svou kari\u00e9ru ve stavebnictv\u00ed, zvedal a p\u0159esouval budovy v Chicagu. Byl to chytr\u00fd podnikatel s bystr\u00fdm okem pro inovace a rychle rozpoznal potenci\u00e1l \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n\n
P\u0159ed ob\u010danskou v\u00e1lkou se \u017eeleznice staly dominantn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159epravy a Pullman vid\u011bl p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost poskytnout pohodln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a luxusn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1\u017eitek z cestov\u00e1n\u00ed. Navrhl a postavil prvn\u00ed vysoce kvalitn\u00ed spac\u00ed vozy, kter\u00e9 si rychle z\u00edskaly oblibu jak mezi cestuj\u00edc\u00edmi na slu\u017eebn\u00edch cest\u00e1ch, tak mezi bohat\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n
D\u00edky v\u00fdkup\u016fm a f\u00fazem z\u00edskala Pullmansk\u00e1 spole\u010dnost monopol na pr\u016fmysl spac\u00edch voz\u016f. Pullman Car Company se stala synonymem pro kvalitu a t\u0159\u00eddu, ale Pullman\u016fv \u00fasp\u011bch m\u011bl svou cenu. Platil sv\u00fdm afroamerick\u00fdm nosi\u010d\u016fm hladov\u00e9 mzdy a sv\u00fdm zam\u011bstnanc\u016fm ve vzorov\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b, kter\u00e9 pro n\u011b postavil, ukl\u00e1dal p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 pravidla.<\/p>\n\n
V roce 1893 uvrhla finan\u010dn\u00ed panika n\u00e1rod do hlubok\u00e9 deprese. Pullman reagoval propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm pracovn\u00edk\u016f a sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm mezd, ale odm\u00edtl sn\u00ed\u017eit n\u00e1jemn\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9m vzorov\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b. Zam\u011bstnanci spole\u010dnosti Pullman, unaven\u00ed z jej\u00edho vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed, zah\u00e1jili v roce 1894 st\u00e1vku.<\/p>\n\n
Pullmanskou st\u00e1vku zorganizovala Americk\u00e1 \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed unie (ARU), masivn\u00ed odborov\u00e1 organizace zalo\u017een\u00e1 Eugenem V. Debsem. ARU hlasovala pro bojkot Pullmansk\u00fdch voz\u016f, dokud nebude st\u00e1vka urovn\u00e1na, co\u017e vedlo k uzav\u0159en\u00ed mnoha \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edch trat\u00ed v zemi a vyvolalo n\u00e1rodn\u00ed krizi.<\/p>\n\n
Pullmansk\u00e1 st\u00e1vka se stala d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm testem role feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dy v pracovn\u00edch sporech. \u017delezni\u010dn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a jejich spojenci vyzvali vl\u00e1du, aby zas\u00e1hla, a gener\u00e1ln\u00ed prokur\u00e1tor Richard Olney prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee zem\u011b dos\u00e1hla \u201eokrajov\u00e9 anarchie\u201c. Prezident Grover Cleveland vyslal feder\u00e1ln\u00ed jednotky do Chicaga, aby st\u00e1vku potla\u010dily.<\/p>\n\n
Pullmansk\u00e1 st\u00e1vka byla nakonec pora\u017eena, ale m\u011bla hlubok\u00fd dopad na americk\u00e9 d\u011blnick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed a politickou krajinu n\u00e1roda. Vedlo to k \u00fapadku ARU a vzestupu socialismu jako s\u00edly v americk\u00e9 politice.<\/p>\n\n
Pov\u011bst George Pullmana se po Pullmansk\u00e9 st\u00e1vce nikdy \u00fapln\u011b nezotavila. Byl vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako symbol chamtivosti korporac\u00ed a lhostejnosti k t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 situaci sv\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f. Pullman zem\u0159el v roce 1897 a jeho t\u011blo bylo ulo\u017eeno do \u017eelezobetonu ze strachu p\u0159ed znesv\u011bcen\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n
Pullmansk\u00e1 st\u00e1vka byla mezn\u00edkem v americk\u00e9 historii. Odhalila hlubok\u00e9 rozpory mezi prac\u00ed a kapit\u00e1lem v pozlacen\u00e9m v\u011bku a zd\u016fraznila pot\u0159ebu st\u00e1tn\u00ed regulace \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu. St\u00e1vka tak\u00e9 pomohla zv\u00fd\u0161it pov\u011bdom\u00ed o t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 situaci afroamerick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f a d\u016fle\u017eitosti odborov\u00fdch svaz\u016f.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
George Pullman: Vzestup a p\u00e1d kr\u00e1le spac\u00edch voz\u016f Ran\u00fd \u017eivot a kari\u00e9ra George Pullman zah\u00e1jil svou kari\u00e9ru ve stavebnictv\u00ed, zvedal a p\u0159esouval budovy v Chicagu. Byl to chytr\u00fd podnikatel s…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":24886,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[19,22604,4015,17452,22606,22605,2413],"class_list":["post-17121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-american-history","tag-george-pullman","tag-industrial-revolution","tag-labor-unions","tag-railroad-industry","tag-sleeping-cars","tag-gilded-age"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17121"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24887,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17121\/revisions\/24887"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24886"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17121"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}