{"id":17429,"date":"2024-03-23T04:47:22","date_gmt":"2024-03-23T04:47:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=17429"},"modified":"2024-03-23T04:47:22","modified_gmt":"2024-03-23T04:47:22","slug":"human-hand-evolution-bone-smashing-machine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/anthropology\/human-hand-evolution-bone-smashing-machine\/","title":{"rendered":"Evoluce lidsk\u00e9 ruky: Rozlu\u0161tili jsme tajemstv\u00ed rozb\u00edjen\u00ed kost\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Evoluce lidsk\u00e9 ruky jako stroje na drcen\u00ed kost\u00ed?<\/h2>\n\n

Evoluce lidsk\u00e9 ruky<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci ji\u017e dlouho v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj lidsk\u00e9 ruky s jej\u00edmi jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi protistojn\u00fdmi palci a obratn\u00fdmi prsty \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s v\u00fdvojem kamenn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f p\u0159ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2,6 miliony let. Kamenn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, od hrub\u00fdch kladiv a\u017e po ostr\u00e9 \u00falomky, byly p\u0159ipisov\u00e1ny Homo habilis, starov\u011bk\u00e9mu lidsk\u00e9mu druhu zn\u00e1m\u00e9mu jako \u201e\u0161ikovn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk\u201c.<\/p>\n\n

\u010cinnosti ran\u00fdch hominin\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Ran\u00ed hominid\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvali r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u010dinnostmi souvisej\u00edc\u00edmi s n\u00e1stroji, v\u010detn\u011b lovu, sb\u011bru potravy a va\u0159en\u00ed. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Journal of Human Evolution v\u0161ak nazna\u010duje, \u017ee jedno konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 drcen\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch kost\u00ed pro p\u0159\u00edstup k jejich kostn\u00ed d\u0159eni \u2013 m\u011blo v\u00fdznamn\u00fd dopad na v\u00fdvoj ran\u00e9 anatomie ruky.<\/p>\n\n

Konzumace kostn\u00ed d\u0159en\u011b a v\u00fdvoj ruky<\/h2>\n\n

Kostn\u00ed d\u0159e\u0148 je v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00e1 a energeticky bohat\u00e1 potrava. Ran\u00ed lid\u00e9 s rukama l\u00e9pe p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00fdmi k rozb\u00edjen\u00ed kost\u00ed a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159en\u011b mohli m\u00edt v\u00fdhodu v p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed v drsn\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch prehistorie. Tento selektivn\u00ed tlak mohl v\u00e9st k postupn\u00e9 evoluci rukou se zv\u00fd\u0161enou obratnost\u00ed a silou.<\/p>\n\n

Drcen\u00ed kost\u00ed a obratnost<\/h2>\n\n

Aby tuto hypot\u00e9zu otestovali, nechali v\u011bdci 39 dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f prov\u00e1d\u011bt r\u016fzn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti z pleistoc\u00e9nn\u00ed \u00e9ry, zat\u00edmco m\u011bli na sob\u011b ru\u010dn\u00ed tlakov\u00fd senzorov\u00fd syst\u00e9m naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Pliance. Tento syst\u00e9m jim umo\u017enil m\u011b\u0159it mno\u017estv\u00ed tlaku vyv\u00edjen\u00e9ho na ka\u017ed\u00fd prst b\u011bhem \u010dinnost\u00ed, jako je lousk\u00e1n\u00ed o\u0159ech\u016f, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159en\u011b a \u0161t\u00edp\u00e1n\u00ed pazourku.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee palec, ukazov\u00e1\u010dek a prost\u0159edn\u00ed\u010dek hr\u00e1ly v t\u011bchto \u010dinnostech d\u016fsledn\u011b kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli. Drcen\u00ed kost\u00ed a v\u00fdroba \u00falomk\u016f pazourku vy\u017eadovaly nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladiny tlaku, zat\u00edmco lousk\u00e1n\u00ed o\u0159ech\u016f vy\u017eadovalo nejm\u00e9n\u011b. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee n\u00e1roky na drcen\u00ed kost\u00ed mohly hr\u00e1t v\u00fdznamnou roli v utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed obratnosti lidsk\u00e9 ruky.<\/p>\n\n

Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s prim\u00e1ty<\/h2>\n\n

Zat\u00edmco modern\u00ed lid\u00e9 a prim\u00e1ti sd\u00edlej\u00ed protistojn\u00e9 palce, d\u00e9lky na\u0161ich prst\u016f se li\u0161\u00ed. Lidoopi a opice maj\u00ed krat\u0161\u00ed palce a del\u0161\u00ed prsty, kter\u00e9 jsou ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro \u0161plh\u00e1n\u00ed po stromech. Naproti tomu lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed prodlou\u017een\u00e9 palce a krat\u0161\u00ed prsty, kter\u00e9 jsou ur\u010deny pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 uchopen\u00ed. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee studie z roku 2015 zjistila, \u017ee ruka na\u0161eho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159edka se podobala v\u00edce lidem ne\u017e prim\u00e1t\u016fm, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee lidsk\u00e1 ruka je \u201eprimitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n

Kapuc\u00edni a kamenn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje<\/h2>\n\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed kapuc\u00edn\u016f v Panam\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch kamenn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje k rozb\u00edjen\u00ed m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f a jin\u00fdch potravin zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed rozmanitost pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f mezi lidoopy. Tento objev se p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 k rostouc\u00edm d\u016fkaz\u016fm, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f nen\u00ed v\u00fdsadou lid\u00ed, ale vyv\u00edjelo se nez\u00e1visle v r\u016fzn\u00fdch druz\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n

Studie o konzumaci kostn\u00ed d\u0159en\u011b a v\u00fdvoji ruky vrh\u00e1 sv\u011btlo na mnohostrannou povahu evoluce lidsk\u00e9 ruky. V\u00fdroba kamenn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f jist\u011b ovlivnila v\u00fdvoj rukou na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f, ale nelze p\u0159ehl\u00e9dnout v\u00fdznam z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159en\u011b. Evoluce lidsk\u00e9 ruky je slo\u017eit\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, formovan\u00fd kombinac\u00ed tlak\u016f prost\u0159ed\u00ed, selektivn\u00edch v\u00fdhod a technologick\u00e9ho pokroku.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Evoluce lidsk\u00e9 ruky jako stroje na drcen\u00ed kost\u00ed? Evoluce lidsk\u00e9 ruky V\u011bdci ji\u017e dlouho v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj lidsk\u00e9 ruky s jej\u00edmi jedine\u010dn\u00fdmi protistojn\u00fdmi palci a obratn\u00fdmi prsty \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1022],"tags":[22917,22915,15601,487,22916,22918],"class_list":["post-17429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthropology","tag-primate-anatomy","tag-bone-smashing","tag-stone-tools","tag-human-evolution","tag-hand-dexterity","tag-survival-and-adaptation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17429","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17429"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17429\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17430,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17429\/revisions\/17430"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17429"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17429"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17429"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}