V srdci Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale ve Florencii se nach\u00e1z\u00ed skryt\u00fd poklad: Libro d\u2019Oltramare, rukopis ze 14. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd obsahuje nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mou ilustraci Ben\u00e1tek. Tento pozoruhodn\u00fd objev zaujal u\u010dence a historiky um\u011bn\u00ed, vrhl nov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo na zobrazen\u00ed ikonick\u00e9ho italsk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta v obdob\u00ed renesance.<\/p>\n\n
Rukopis je cestopis, kter\u00fd napsal bratr Niccol\u00f2 da Poggibonsi, franti\u0161k\u00e1nsk\u00fd mnich, jen\u017e podnikl pou\u0165 z Ben\u00e1tek do Jeruzal\u00e9ma a Egypta v roce 1346. B\u011bhem sv\u00e9 cesty pe\u010dliv\u011b zaznamen\u00e1val sv\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed na s\u00e1drov\u00fdch desk\u00e1ch a zachytil podstatu svat\u00fdch m\u00edst, kter\u00e1 nav\u0161t\u00edvil. Po sv\u00e9m n\u00e1vratu do Ben\u00e1tek v roce 1350 sestavil sv\u016fj zpr\u00e1vu z prvn\u00ed ruky, kter\u00e1 se nyn\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00ed v Libro d\u2019Oltramare.<\/p>\n\n
Mezi str\u00e1nkami rukopisu vynik\u00e1 detailn\u00ed ilustrace Ben\u00e1tek jako sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o p\u016fvabu m\u011bsta. Kresba, vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm um\u011blcem, zobrazuje charakteristick\u00e9 budovy, kan\u00e1ly a gondoly m\u011bsta. Jej\u00ed objeven\u00ed posunulo zn\u00e1mou \u010dasovou osu ben\u00e1tsk\u00fdch ilustrac\u00ed, s v\u00fdjimkou map, kter\u00e9 se datuj\u00ed do roku 1330.<\/p>\n\n
Sandra Toffolo, badatelka renesan\u010dn\u00edch ben\u00e1tsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin na University of St. Andrews, zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam tohoto objevu. \u201eIlustrace ukazuje hlubokou fascinaci, kterou Ben\u00e1tky m\u011bly pro sou\u010dasn\u00edky, a to i v tak ran\u00e9m obdob\u00ed,\u201c vysv\u011btluje.<\/p>\n\n
Cestopis bratra Niccol\u00f2a je pozoruhodn\u00fd nejen pro svou ilustraci, ale tak\u00e9 pro jeho pe\u010dliv\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pe\u010dliv\u011b m\u011b\u0159il orienta\u010dn\u00ed body ve Svat\u00e9 zemi a pou\u017e\u00edval kroky nebo d\u00e9lku pa\u017ee jako jednotky m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed. Tato pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed, denn\u011b zaznamen\u00e1van\u00e1 do jeho tabulek, poskytuj\u00ed cenn\u00fd vhled do architektonick\u00fdch a geografick\u00fdch detail\u016f t\u00e9 doby.<\/p>\n\n
Krom\u011b kresby Ben\u00e1tek obsahuje rukopis dal\u0161\u00ed poutav\u00e9 ilustrace. Bratr Niccol\u00f2 zobrazil slony a architekturu v K\u00e1hi\u0159e, stejn\u011b jako Kupoli na sk\u00e1le a \u0160alomoun\u016fv chr\u00e1m v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b. Jeho jedine\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k popisu cesty v hovorov\u00e9m jazyce, sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e spol\u00e9hat se na klasick\u00e9 latinsk\u00e9 popisy, nab\u00edz\u00ed nov\u00fd pohled na zku\u0161enost z pout\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Mal\u00e9 vpichy viditeln\u00e9 na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch rukopisu nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee byl \u0161iroce \u0161\u00ed\u0159en v obdob\u00ed renesance. Kop\u00edrist\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali techniku zvanou \u201epouncing\u201c, prosev\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1\u0161ku p\u0159es pap\u00edr prop\u00edchnut\u00fd jehlou, aby p\u0159enesli obrysy obr\u00e1zk\u016f na nov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky. Tento proces nazna\u010duje popularitu a vliv d\u00edla bratra Niccol\u00f2a.<\/p>\n\n
Navzdory jeho \u0161irok\u00e9 cirkulaci se text bratra Niccol\u00f2a dostal v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho uzn\u00e1n\u00ed a\u017e pot\u00e9, co byl p\u0159elo\u017een a znovu vyd\u00e1n pod r\u016fzn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny. V 15. stolet\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fd p\u0159eklad p\u0159ipisoval pou\u0165 Gabrielu Muffelovi, synovi patricije z Norimberku. V roce 1518 byl v Ben\u00e1tk\u00e1ch zve\u0159ejn\u011bn anonymn\u00ed popis s n\u00e1zvem \u201eViaggio da Venetia al Sancto Sepolchro et al Monte Sinai\u201c (Cesta z Ben\u00e1tek do Svat\u00e9ho hrobu a na horu Sinaj). B\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed stolet\u00ed n\u00e1sledovala \u0159ada vyd\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 upevnila popularitu d\u00edla jako pr\u016fvodce Svatou zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Navzdory sl\u00e1v\u011b jeho cestopisu se o \u017eivot\u011b bratra Niccol\u00f2a v\u00ed jen m\u00e1lo. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fmysln\u00e9 zabezpe\u010den\u00ed skryt\u00e9 v rukopisu odhaluje jeho autorstv\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed p\u00edsmena ka\u017ed\u00e9 kapitoly tvo\u0159\u00ed akrostich, kter\u00fd ho identifikuje jako autora. Toto d\u016fmysln\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nazna\u010duje, \u017ee Niccol\u00f2 m\u011bl nejen bystr\u00e9 oko pro detail, ale tak\u00e9 hrav\u00fd vtip.<\/p>\n\n
Objeven\u00ed ilustrace Ben\u00e1tek ze 14. stolet\u00ed m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky. Nab\u00edz\u00ed pohled do ran\u00fdch um\u011bleck\u00fdch zobrazen\u00ed m\u011bsta, zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed jeho trval\u00e9 kouzlo. Cestopis bratra Niccol\u00f2a, s jeho podrobn\u00fdmi pozorov\u00e1n\u00edmi a jedine\u010dnou perspektivou, poskytuje cenn\u00fd zdroj pro pochopen\u00ed Svat\u00e9 zem\u011b v obdob\u00ed renesance. Tento pozoruhodn\u00fd rukopis nad\u00e1le inspiruje u\u010dence a uchvacuje \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e a nab\u00edz\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o s\u00edle lidsk\u00e9 tvo\u0159ivosti a trval\u00e9 p\u0159ita\u017elivosti Ben\u00e1tek.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Nejstar\u0161\u00ed ilustrace Ben\u00e1tek: mistrovsk\u00e9 d\u00edlo ze 14. stolet\u00ed Objeven\u00ed rukopisu V srdci Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale ve Florencii se nach\u00e1z\u00ed skryt\u00fd poklad: Libro d\u2019Oltramare, rukopis ze 14. stolet\u00ed, kter\u00fd obsahuje nejstar\u0161\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24976,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[710],"tags":[23110,18565,23113,22920,23111,8262,2214,23112,23114,2072,23115],"class_list":["post-17594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-art-history","tag-14th-century","tag-venice","tag-biblioteca-nazionale-centrale","tag-travelogue","tag-friar-niccolo-da-poggibonsi","tag-holy-land","tag-illustration","tag-libro-doltramare","tag-sandra-toffolo","tag-renaissance-art","tag-university-of-st-andrews"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17594","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17594"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17594\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24977,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17594\/revisions\/24977"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24976"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17594"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17594"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17594"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}