Po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed byla Evropa proslul\u00e1 sv\u00fdmi vynikaj\u00edc\u00edmi s\u00fdry a ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobky. Nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v\u0161ak vrhl nov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo na pom\u011brn\u011b pozdn\u00ed p\u016fvod evropsk\u00e9 chuti na ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky.<\/p>\n\n
Na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edchoz\u00edch p\u0159edpoklad\u016f vyvinuli Evropan\u00e9 schopnost tr\u00e1vit kravsk\u00e9 ml\u00e9ko teprve p\u0159ed zhruba 4 000 lety. Tento pr\u016flom je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1n skupin\u011b nom\u00e1dsk\u00fdch pastevc\u016f z rusk\u00fdch step\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n
Anal\u00fdza DNA star\u00fdch eurasijsk\u00fdch poz\u016fstatk\u016f odhalila, \u017ee genetick\u00e1 mutace zodpov\u011bdn\u00e1 za produkci enzymu lakt\u00e1zy, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje lidem tr\u00e1vit ml\u00e9ko po cel\u00fd dosp\u011bl\u00fd \u017eivot, se objevila p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy tito ru\u0161t\u00ed pastevci dorazili do Evropy.<\/p>\n\n
Tento enzym zp\u016fsobil revoluci v evropsk\u00e9m j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku a umo\u017enil lidem konzumovat ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky a z\u00edsk\u00e1vat z nich nezbytn\u00e9 \u017eiviny. Pastevci nejen\u017ee p\u0159edstavili enzym lakt\u00e1zu, ale p\u0159inesli s sebou tak\u00e9 geny pro vysokou postavu, kter\u00e9 se staly b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi v severn\u00ed Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n\n
Zat\u00edmco stepn\u00ed pastevci sehr\u00e1li z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli ve tr\u00e1ven\u00ed ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f, anatol\u0161t\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci z dne\u0161n\u00edho Turecka tak\u00e9 zanechali svou stopu v evropsk\u00e9 genetice. Tito zem\u011bd\u011blci zavedli chov dobytka kolem roku 6 500 p\u0159. n. l., ale nenesli mutaci enzymu lakt\u00e1zy.<\/p>\n\n
Anatolci naopak p\u0159isp\u011bli do evropsk\u00e9 genov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny geny pro sv\u011btlou barvu pleti. Rovn\u011b\u017e sehr\u00e1li roli v ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed postav\u011b mnoha st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch obyvatel.<\/p>\n\n
Vzestup zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed m\u011bl hlubok\u00fd dopad na lidskou evoluci a odolnost v\u016f\u010di nemocem. P\u0159echod od zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota lovc\u016f a sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f k usedl\u00fdm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm komunit\u00e1m vedl k v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm a hust\u011bji os\u00eddlen\u00fdm populac\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n
Tato zm\u011bna usnadnila \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nemoc\u00ed, jako je tuberkul\u00f3za a lepra. Jako reakci na to si lid\u00e9 vyvinuli genetickou obranu proti t\u011bmto nemocem.<\/p>\n\n
Environment\u00e1ln\u00ed tlaky, jako jsou nemoci a zm\u011bny stravy, formovaly lidskou evoluci po mnoho generac\u00ed. Studium starov\u011bk\u00e9ho DNA poskytuje cenn\u00e9 poznatky o t\u011bchto adaptac\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n
Anal\u00fdzou genom\u016f starov\u011bk\u00fdch jedinc\u016f mohou v\u011bdci identifikovat genetick\u00e9 zm\u011bny spojen\u00e9 se specifick\u00fdmi environment\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u00fdzvami. Tyto znalosti zlep\u0161uj\u00ed na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 evoluce a interakce mezi genetikou a prost\u0159ed\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n
Historie tr\u00e1ven\u00ed ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f v Evrop\u011b je fascinuj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem genetick\u00e9 adaptace a kulturn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bny. P\u0159\u00edchod nom\u00e1dsk\u00fdch pastevc\u016f z rusk\u00fdch step\u00ed p\u0159edstavil Evropan\u016fm enzym lakt\u00e1zu, co\u017e zp\u016fsobilo revoluci v jejich stravovac\u00edch n\u00e1vyc\u00edch a p\u0159ipravilo p\u016fdu pro rozvoj proslul\u00e9ho ml\u00e9k\u00e1rensk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu v tomto regionu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tr\u00e1ven\u00ed ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f v Evrop\u011b: Cesta dlouh\u00e1 4 000 let Po\u010d\u00e1tky tr\u00e1ven\u00ed ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f v Evrop\u011b Po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed byla Evropa proslul\u00e1 sv\u00fdmi vynikaj\u00edc\u00edmi s\u00fdry a ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobky. Nov\u00fd v\u00fdzkum…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23299],"tags":[136,3067,188,23298,12801,23297,287],"class_list":["post-17759","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-evolution-and-adaptation","tag-evolution","tag-europe","tag-genetics","tag-nomadic-herders","tag-disease-resistance","tag-dairy-digestion","tag-agriculture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17759","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17759"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17759\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17760,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17759\/revisions\/17760"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17759"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17759"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17759"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}