{"id":17920,"date":"2024-09-26T10:19:10","date_gmt":"2024-09-26T10:19:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=17920"},"modified":"2024-09-26T10:19:10","modified_gmt":"2024-09-26T10:19:10","slug":"can-monkeys-think-like-humans-theory-of-mind-and-animal-cognition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/animal-behavior\/can-monkeys-think-like-humans-theory-of-mind-and-animal-cognition\/","title":{"rendered":"Mohou opice p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let jako lid\u00e9?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mohou opice p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let jako lid\u00e9?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Teorie mysli a pozn\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at<\/h2>\n\n<p>Lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed pozoruhodnou schopnost porozum\u011bt my\u0161lenk\u00e1m a z\u00e1m\u011br\u016fm druh\u00fdch. Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 teorie mysli. Po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed v\u011bdci v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee teorii mysli maj\u00ed pouze lid\u00e9. Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy v\u0161ak nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee i dal\u0161\u00ed prim\u00e1ti, jako jsou \u0161impanzi a opice, mohou m\u00edt tuto schopnost.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jedn\u00edm ze zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak teorii mysli otestovat, je pozorovat, jak se zv\u00ed\u0159ata chovaj\u00ed v situac\u00edch, kdy mus\u00ed usuzovat na znalosti nebo z\u00e1m\u011bry druh\u00fdch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v klasick\u00e9m experimentu &#8220;Sally-Anne&#8221; d\u00edt\u011b sleduje, jak n\u011bkdo schov\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u00ed\u010dek do jedn\u00e9 ze dvou krabic. Pot\u00e9 osoba opust\u00ed m\u00edstnost a druh\u00e1 osoba m\u00ed\u010dek p\u0159esune do druh\u00e9 krabice. Kdy\u017e se prvn\u00ed osoba vr\u00e1t\u00ed, d\u00edt\u011bte se zeptaj\u00ed, kde si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee osoba bude m\u00ed\u010dek hledat. D\u011bti, kter\u00e9 rozvinuly teorii mysli, obvykle \u0159eknou, \u017ee osoba bude hledat m\u00ed\u010dek v prvn\u00ed krabici, kde ho vid\u011bly naposledy. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee ch\u00e1pou, \u017ee osoba m\u00e1 mylnou p\u0159edstavu o um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed m\u00ed\u010dku.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opice a teorie mysli<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci provedli podobn\u00e9 experimenty s opicemi, aby otestovali jejich schopnosti v r\u00e1mci teorie mysli. Jedna studie, kterou vedla psycholo\u017eka Laurie Santos, zahrnovala p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00ed opic\u00edm dvou hrozn\u016f um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch na ty\u010d\u00edch n\u011bkolik stop od sebe. Lidsk\u00fd experiment\u00e1tor pot\u00e9 st\u00e1l za jedn\u00edm z hrozn\u016f, bu\u010f \u010delem k opici, nebo z\u00e1dy k n\u00ed. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zjistili, \u017ee opice m\u011bly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tendenci ukr\u00e1st hrozny od experiment\u00e1tora, kter\u00fd m\u011bl z\u00e1da oto\u010den\u00e1, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee ch\u00e1paly, \u017ee je experiment\u00e1tor nem\u016f\u017ee vid\u011bt.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tato studie poskytuje d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee opice mohou m\u00edt z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pochopen\u00ed teorie mysli. Je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee schopnosti opic v r\u00e1mci teorie mysli mohou b\u00fdt omezen\u00e9 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s lidmi. Nap\u0159\u00edklad opice nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopny pochopit fale\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy, co\u017e jsou p\u0159edstavy, kter\u00e9 nejsou zalo\u017eeny na realit\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Role jazyka a kultury<\/h2>\n\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi lidmi a opicemi je na\u0161e schopnost jazyka. Jazyk n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje sd\u011blovat slo\u017eit\u00e9 my\u0161lenky a sd\u00edlet informace o na\u0161ich my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch a pocitech. To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jeden z d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d maj\u00ed lid\u00e9 sofistikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed schopnosti teorie mysli ne\u017e opice.<\/p>\n\n<p>Kultura tak\u00e9 hraje roli ve v\u00fdvoji teorie mysli. Lid\u00e9 jsou vychov\u00e1v\u00e1ni v soci\u00e1ln\u00edch prost\u0159ed\u00edch, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s povzbuzuj\u00ed ke spolupr\u00e1ci a komunikaci s ostatn\u00edmi. To n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee pomoci rozvinout lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed mysli druh\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Meze pozn\u00e1n\u00ed opic<\/h2>\n\n<p>P\u0159esto\u017ee opice mohou m\u00edt ur\u010dit\u00e9 schopnosti v r\u00e1mci teorie mysli, jejich kognitivn\u00ed schopnosti jsou st\u00e1le omezen\u00e9 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s lidmi. Nap\u0159\u00edklad opice nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopny porozum\u011bt z\u00e1m\u011br\u016fm druh\u00fdch nebo pl\u00e1novat do budoucna. To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeno rozd\u00edly ve struktu\u0159e a funkci mozku mezi lidmi a opicemi.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00fdzkum teorie mysli u opic st\u00e1le prob\u00edh\u00e1. D\u016fkazy v\u0161ak nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee opice mohou m\u00edt ur\u010dit\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed schopnosti v r\u00e1mci teorie mysli. Tyto schopnosti mohou b\u00fdt omezen\u00e9 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s lidmi, ale p\u0159esto jsou p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 vzhledem k evolu\u010dn\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi lidmi a opicemi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mohou opice p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let jako lid\u00e9? Teorie mysli a pozn\u00e1n\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at Lid\u00e9 maj\u00ed pozoruhodnou schopnost porozum\u011bt my\u0161lenk\u00e1m a z\u00e1m\u011br\u016fm druh\u00fdch. Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 teorie mysli. Po cel\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed v\u011bdci v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24454,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[312],"tags":[136,5791,3289,1401,97,6193],"class_list":["post-17920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-animal-behavior","tag-evolution","tag-monkeys","tag-primates","tag-theory-of-mind","tag-science","tag-animal-cognition"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17920","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17920"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17920\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24455,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17920\/revisions\/24455"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24454"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17920"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17920"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17920"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}