{"id":18008,"date":"2022-05-03T04:40:42","date_gmt":"2022-05-03T04:40:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=18008"},"modified":"2022-05-03T04:40:42","modified_gmt":"2022-05-03T04:40:42","slug":"first-flybys-of-planets-in-the-solar-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/astronomy-and-space-science\/first-flybys-of-planets-in-the-solar-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Sedm p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed z prvn\u00edch pr\u016flet\u016f kolem planet slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sedm p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed z prvn\u00edch pr\u016flet\u016f kolem jednotliv\u00fdch planet slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Venu\u0161e: Hork\u00e1 a spaluj\u00edc\u00ed sousedka<\/h2>\n\n<p>V roce 1962 se sonda Mariner 2 vydala na prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pr\u016flet kolem planety a odhalila spaluj\u00edc\u00ed povrchovou teplotu Venu\u0161e ve v\u00fd\u0161i 930 stup\u0148\u016f Fahrenheita a jej\u00ed hustou atmosf\u00e9ru oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho. Tento objev zma\u0159il nad\u011bje na nalezen\u00ed \u017eivota na povrchu Venu\u0161e, ale otev\u0159el cestu budouc\u00edm podrobn\u00fdm studi\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mars: Pust\u00e1 krajina rud\u00e9 planety<\/h2>\n\n<p>Po ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9m pokusu \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b v roce 1965 sonda Mariner 4 prolet\u011bla kolem Marsu a po\u0159\u00eddila prvn\u00ed sn\u00edmky hlubok\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru jin\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Tyto sn\u00edmky odhalily pust\u00fd a kr\u00e1tery poset\u00fd ter\u00e9n, co\u017e zpochybnilo dlouholet\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy o mo\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b na dne\u0161n\u00edm Marsu. Mariner 4 rovn\u011b\u017e stanovil chladnou denn\u00ed teplotu Marsu -148 stup\u0148\u016f Fahrenheita a absenci magnetick\u00e9ho pole, kter\u00e1 jej \u010din\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdm v\u016f\u010di radiaci.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jupiter: Obr s Velkou rudou skvrnou<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pr\u016flet sondy Pioneer 10 kolem Jupiteru v roce 1973 p\u0159inesl p\u0159es 500 sn\u00edmk\u016f plynn\u00e9ho obra a jeho m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Tyto sn\u00edmky uk\u00e1zaly ikonickou Velkou rudou skvrnu Jupiteru, co\u017e je obrovsk\u00e1 bou\u0159e v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Zem\u011b. Pioneer 10 tak\u00e9 objevil obrovsk\u00fd magnetick\u00fd \u201eocas\u201c Jupiteru, kter\u00fd se t\u00e1hne a\u017e k ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze Saturnu.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Merkur: Kr\u00e1terovit\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edcovit\u00fd sv\u011bt<\/h2>\n\n<p>Sonda Mariner 10 provedla t\u0159i pr\u016flety kolem Merkuru v roce 1974 a vyu\u017eila gravita\u010dn\u00edho man\u00e9vru k \u00faprav\u011b sv\u00e9 trajektorie. Pr\u016flety potvrdily kr\u00e1terovit\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edcovit\u00fd povrch Merkuru, \u0159\u00eddkou atmosf\u00e9ru, slab\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole a \u017eelezn\u00e9 j\u00e1dro. Mariner 10 v\u0161ak zachytil sn\u00edmky pouze 40 % povrchu Merkuru.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Saturn: Prstencovan\u00e1 planeta s nov\u00fdm m\u011bs\u00edcem<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pr\u016flet sondy Pioneer 11 kolem Saturnu v roce 1979 odhalil nov\u00fd prstenec, \u00fazk\u00fd prstenec F, a nov\u011b objeven\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc o \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce 124 mil. Kosmick\u00e1 sonda stanovila, \u017ee Saturn se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z kapaln\u00e9ho vod\u00edku a m\u00e1 chladnou teplotu -292 stup\u0148\u016f Fahrenheita. Data sondy Pioneer 11 polo\u017eila z\u00e1klad pro pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed objevy sondy Cassini o Saturnu a jeho m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uran a Neptun: Ob\u0159\u00ed ledov\u00e9 planety prozkoum\u00e1ny<\/h2>\n\n<p>Sonda Voyager 2 se vydala na \u201eGrand Tour\u201c slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy a vyu\u017eila vz\u00e1cn\u00e9ho planet\u00e1rn\u00edho seskupen\u00ed k n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b Uranu a Neptunu. Na Uranu objevila sonda Voyager 2 11 nov\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f a zm\u011b\u0159ila jeho bizarn\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 pole ve tvaru v\u00fdvrtky. Na Neptunu kosmick\u00e1 sonda objevila Velkou tmavou skvrnu, podobnou Velk\u00e9 rud\u00e9 skvrn\u011b Jupiteru, a \u0161est nov\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Voyager 2 tak\u00e9 provedl pr\u016flet kolem velk\u00e9ho m\u011bs\u00edce Neptunu, Tritonu, a odhalil aktivn\u00ed gejz\u00edry a pol\u00e1rn\u00ed \u010depi\u010dky.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ceres: Trpasli\u010d\u00ed planeta se z\u00e1hadn\u00fdmi jasn\u00fdmi skvrnami<\/h2>\n\n<p>Sonda Dawn, vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 v roce 2007, se stala prvn\u00ed kosmickou sondou, kter\u00e1 ob\u00edhala kolem dvou nebesk\u00fdch t\u011bles, v\u010detn\u011b Ceres, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho objektu v p\u00e1su asteroid\u016f. Pr\u016flety a orbit\u00e1ln\u00ed studie sondy Dawn odhalily z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 sv\u011btl\u00e9 skvrny na povrchu Ceres, o kter\u00fdch se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee jsou ledem nebo jin\u00fdm vysoce reflexn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem. Dawn pokra\u010duje v ob\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed Ceres v ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch, mapuje jej\u00ed povrch a shroma\u017e\u010fuje v\u011bdeck\u00e1 data.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Odkaz pr\u016flet\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<p>Pr\u016flety sehr\u00e1ly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli v utv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161eho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy. Poskytly:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Detailn\u00ed sn\u00edmky a v\u011bdeck\u00e1 data ze vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Odhalily rozmanitost a slo\u017eitost planet\u00e1rn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f<\/li>\n<li>Zpochybnily dlouholet\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy a otev\u0159ely nov\u00e9 cesty pr\u016fzkumu<\/li>\n<li>Podpo\u0159ily na\u0161e technologick\u00e9 schopnosti a inspirovaly budouc\u00ed vesm\u00edrn\u00e9 mise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Pr\u016flety jsou i nad\u00e1le cenn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro astronomy a kosmick\u00e9 v\u011bdce, otev\u00edraj\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed na\u0161eho kosmick\u00e9ho sousedstv\u00ed a \u017eiv\u00ed na\u0161i fascinaci divy slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sedm p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed z prvn\u00edch pr\u016flet\u016f kolem jednotliv\u00fdch planet slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy Venu\u0161e: Hork\u00e1 a spaluj\u00edc\u00ed sousedka V roce 1962 se sonda Mariner 2 vydala na prvn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pr\u016flet kolem planety a&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23583],"tags":[435,23582,815,434,1173,3619],"class_list":["post-18008","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-astronomy-and-space-science","tag-astronomy","tag-flybys","tag-planetary-science","tag-space-exploration","tag-solar-system","tag-scientific-discoveries"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18008","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18008"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18008\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18009,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18008\/revisions\/18009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18008"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18008"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18008"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}