{"id":18064,"date":"2020-01-05T03:00:37","date_gmt":"2020-01-05T03:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=18064"},"modified":"2020-01-05T03:00:37","modified_gmt":"2020-01-05T03:00:37","slug":"black-widow-spiders-under-attack-rise-brown-widow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/zoology\/black-widow-spiders-under-attack-rise-brown-widow\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010cern\u00e9 vdovy pod \u00fatokem: Vzestup hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u010cern\u00e9 vdovy pod \u00fatokem: Vzestup hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy<\/h2>\n\n

\u010cern\u00e9 vdovy: Ne tak smrt\u00edc\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i<\/h2>\n\n

\u010cern\u00e9 vdovy, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi ikonick\u00fdmi \u010derven\u00fdmi p\u0159es\u00fdpac\u00edmi hodinami a siln\u00fdm jedem, ji\u017e dlouho uchvacuj\u00ed fantazii ve\u0159ejnosti. P\u0159es svou d\u011bsivou pov\u011bst jsou tito pavouci ve skute\u010dnosti relativn\u011b plach\u00e1 stvo\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se \u017eiv\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm hmyzem a jin\u00fdmi mal\u00fdmi \u017eivo\u010dichy. \u00damrt\u00ed lid\u00ed v d\u016fsledku kousnut\u00ed \u010dernou vdovou jsou vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 a ob\u011bti lze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby l\u00e9\u010dit antiveninem.<\/p>\n\n

Invaze hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy<\/h2>\n\n

V posledn\u00edch letech \u010del\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 vdovy nov\u00e9 hrozb\u011b: invazivn\u00ed druh hn\u011bd\u00e1 vdova. Hn\u011bd\u00e1 vdova poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Afriky nebo Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky a kolonizovala v\u0161echny kontinenty krom\u011b Antarktidy. Poprv\u00e9 byla zji\u0161t\u011bna ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech v roce 1935 a od t\u00e9 doby se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila po cel\u00e9m jihu a \u010d\u00e1stech z\u00e1padu.<\/p>\n\n

Predace a konkurence: Smrteln\u00e1 rivalita<\/h2>\n\n

Hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy jsou v\u016f\u010di \u010dern\u00fdm vdov\u00e1m velmi agresivn\u00ed, aktivn\u011b je vyhled\u00e1vaj\u00ed a napadaj\u00ed. Toto pred\u00e1torsk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed vedlo k poklesu populac\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch vdov v oblastech, kde se hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy etablovaly.<\/p>\n\n

V\u011bdci pozorovali, \u017ee hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy jsou obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b agresivn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di mlad\u00fdm \u010dern\u00fdm vdov\u00e1m a zab\u00edjej\u00ed a po\u017e\u00edraj\u00ed je v 80 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. P\u0159i p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00fdch byly \u010dern\u00e9 vdovy se\u017er\u00e1ny ve 40 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, zat\u00edmco v sebeobran\u011b zabily hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy ve 30 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f.<\/p>\n\n

Krom\u011b predace mohou hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy tak\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017eit s \u010dern\u00fdmi vdovami o zdroje, jako je potrava a \u00fakryt. Hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy mohou nakl\u00e1st v\u00edce vaj\u00ed\u010dek a rozmno\u017eovat se d\u0159\u00edve v \u017eivot\u011b ne\u017e \u010dern\u00e9 vdovy, co\u017e jim d\u00e1v\u00e1 reproduk\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdhodu.<\/p>\n\n

Odhalen\u00ed behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

D\u016fvody v\u00fdrazn\u00fdch behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f mezi hn\u011bd\u00fdmi vdovami a \u010dern\u00fdmi vdovami nejsou pln\u011b pochopeny. V\u011bdci v\u0161ak spekuluj\u00ed, \u017ee by to mohlo souviset s jejich odli\u0161nou evolu\u010dn\u00ed histori\u00ed a ekologick\u00fdmi nikami.<\/p>\n\n

Hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 sv\u00fdm odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fdm a agresivn\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00edm, zat\u00edmco \u010dern\u00e9 vdovy jsou sp\u00ed\u0161e plach\u00e9 a defenzivn\u00ed. Tento rozd\u00edl v temperamentu m\u016f\u017ee ovliv\u0148ovat jejich interakce mezi sebou a s dal\u0161\u00edmi druhy v jejich prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Ekologick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky: Dopad invazn\u00edch druh\u016f<\/h2>\n\n

Invaze hn\u011bd\u00fdch vdov m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ekologick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky. Pokles populac\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch vdov by mohl naru\u0161it populace hmyzu a zm\u011bnit vztahy pred\u00e1tor-ko\u0159ist v ekosyst\u00e9mech.<\/p>\n\n

Krom\u011b toho mohou hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy tak\u00e9 p\u0159edstavovat hrozbu pro jin\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed druhy pavouk\u016f, proto\u017ee bylo pozorov\u00e1no, \u017ee je vytla\u010duj\u00ed predac\u00ed a konkurenc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Budouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a strategie \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n

V\u011bdci nad\u00e1le studuj\u00ed interakce mezi hn\u011bd\u00fdmi vdovami a \u010dern\u00fdmi vdovami v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta. Doufaj\u00ed, \u017ee z\u00edskaj\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 vedou k poklesu populace \u010dern\u00fdch vdov, a potenci\u00e1ln\u00edmu dopadu hn\u011bd\u00fdch vdov na p\u016fvodn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00fdch zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed mohou v\u011bdci vyvinout strategie \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ke zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed negativn\u00edch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f invaze hn\u011bd\u00fdch vdov a ochran\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00edch populac\u00ed pavouk\u016f.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u010cern\u00e9 vdovy pod \u00fatokem: Vzestup hn\u011bd\u00e9 vdovy \u010cern\u00e9 vdovy: Ne tak smrt\u00edc\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i \u010cern\u00e9 vdovy, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi ikonick\u00fdmi \u010derven\u00fdmi p\u0159es\u00fdpac\u00edmi hodinami a siln\u00fdm jedem, ji\u017e dlouho uchvacuj\u00ed fantazii ve\u0159ejnosti. P\u0159es…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[280],"tags":[23641,23642,219,7454,286,3162,5638],"class_list":["post-18064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zoology","tag-black-widow-spiders","tag-brown-widow-spiders","tag-ecology","tag-entomology","tag-invasive-species","tag-competition","tag-predation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18064","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18064"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18064\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18065,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18064\/revisions\/18065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}