{"id":18351,"date":"2020-08-29T02:36:02","date_gmt":"2020-08-29T02:36:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=18351"},"modified":"2020-08-29T02:36:02","modified_gmt":"2020-08-29T02:36:02","slug":"african-wild-dogs-sneezing-for-consensus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/animal-behavior\/african-wild-dogs-sneezing-for-consensus\/","title":{"rendered":"Afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi: K\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed pro dosa\u017een\u00ed konsensu"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi: K\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed pro dosa\u017een\u00ed konsensu<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n<p>Afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi, zn\u00e1m\u00ed tak\u00e9 jako malovan\u00ed psi, jsou vysoce spole\u010densk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 \u017eij\u00ed ve sme\u010dk\u00e1ch. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci objevili fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed aspekt jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed: pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed jako zp\u016fsob hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed o skupinov\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00edch, nap\u0159\u00edklad zda vyrazit na lov \u010di nikoli.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">K\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed jako hlasovac\u00ed mechanismus<\/h2>\n\n<p>P\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm lovu se afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi zapoj\u00ed do velmi energick\u00e9ho ritu\u00e1lu zvan\u00e9ho \u201eshrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed\u201c. B\u011bhem tohoto shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed psi vrt\u00ed ocasem, dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed se hlavami a b\u011bhaj\u00ed kolem. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pozorovali, \u017ee kdy\u017e je na shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed v\u00edce k\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed, je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee se psi vydaj\u00ed na lov.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tato souvislost nazna\u010duje, \u017ee k\u00fdchnut\u00ed slou\u017e\u00ed africk\u00fdm divok\u00fdm ps\u016fm jako hlasovac\u00ed mechanismus. Kdy\u017e dominantn\u00ed pes ve sme\u010dce zah\u00e1j\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed, sta\u010d\u00ed pouze t\u0159i k\u00fdchnut\u00ed, aby se sme\u010dka za\u010dala h\u00fdbat. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ak shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed zah\u00e1j\u00ed pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 sme\u010dky, je t\u0159eba alespo\u0148 deset k\u00fdchnut\u00ed, aby bylo zaru\u010deno, \u017ee k lovu dojde.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hierarchick\u00e1 struktura a k\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n<p>Afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi maj\u00ed komplexn\u00ed spole\u010denskou strukturu. Pokud jde o rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, je sme\u010dka hluboce hierarchick\u00e1, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e se obvykle rozmno\u017euje pouze dominantn\u00ed p\u00e1r. Zbytek sme\u010dky se spoj\u00ed, aby se staral o \u0161t\u011b\u0148ata.<\/p>\n\n<p>V jin\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech, jako je lov, v\u0161ak nejsou afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi tak despoti\u010dt\u00ed. K\u00fdchnut\u00ed dominantn\u00edch ps\u016f m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1hu, ale zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee zbytek sme\u010dky m\u00e1 st\u00e1le pr\u00e1vo volby. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi maj\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b rovnost\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd proces rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, pokud jde o lov.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty<\/h2>\n\n<p>K\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed jako hlasovac\u00ed mechanismus nen\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 pro africk\u00e9 divok\u00e9 psy. Jin\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly k dosa\u017een\u00ed konsensu o tom, kdy se p\u0159esunout na jin\u00e9 m\u00edsto. Nap\u0159\u00edklad surikaty vyd\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u201ev\u00fdzvy k p\u0159esunu\u201c, opice kapuc\u00ednsk\u00e9 cvrlikaj\u00ed a v\u010dely medonosn\u00e9 vys\u00edlaj\u00ed zvukov\u00fd sign\u00e1l naz\u00fdvan\u00fd \u201esign\u00e1l p\u00ed\u0161\u0165alky\u201c, kdy\u017e jsou p\u0159ipraveny odlet\u011bt na jin\u00e9 m\u00edsto.<\/p>\n\n<p>U mnoha druh\u016f je vy\u017eadov\u00e1n ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det sign\u00e1l\u016f, ne\u017e se cel\u00e1 skupina pohne. Tomu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 dosa\u017een\u00ed \u201ekvoru\u201c p\u0159i p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed kolektivn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implikace pro pochopen\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed struktury<\/h2>\n\n<p>Studium k\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed africk\u00fdch divok\u00fdch ps\u016f m\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro pochopen\u00ed jejich soci\u00e1ln\u00ed struktury. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi maj\u00ed komplexn\u00ed a flexibiln\u00ed proces rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fd je ovlivn\u011bn jak hierarchi\u00ed, tak konsensem.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tento v\u00fdzkum tak\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k na\u0161im znalostem o komunikaci zv\u00ed\u0159at a r\u016fzn\u00fdch zp\u016fsobech, jak\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159ata pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed sign\u00e1ly ke koordinaci sv\u00e9ho chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dal\u0161\u00ed poznatky<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi jsou zn\u00e1m\u00ed svou charakteristickou \u010dernou, b\u00edlou a hn\u011bdou srst\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Vyskytuj\u00ed se v subsaharsk\u00e9 Africe a \u017eij\u00ed ve sme\u010dk\u00e1ch a\u017e o 40 jedinc\u00edch.<\/li>\n<li>Afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi jsou zru\u010dn\u00ed lovci a \u017eiv\u00ed se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm gazelami, impalami a pakoni.<\/li>\n<li>\u010cel\u00ed hrozb\u00e1m ze ztr\u00e1ty p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, lovu a nemoc\u00ed a jejich populace klesaj\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi: K\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed pro dosa\u017een\u00ed konsensu \u00davod Afri\u010dt\u00ed divoc\u00ed psi, zn\u00e1m\u00ed tak\u00e9 jako malovan\u00ed psi, jsou vysoce spole\u010densk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 \u017eij\u00ed ve sme\u010dk\u00e1ch. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci objevili fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed aspekt jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed:&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[312],"tags":[23988,309,254,20813,23989,16857],"class_list":["post-18351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-animal-behavior","tag-african-wild-dogs","tag-animal-behavior","tag-wildlife","tag-collective-intelligence","tag-sneezing","tag-social-structure"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18351"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18351\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18352,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18351\/revisions\/18352"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18351"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}