{"id":18451,"date":"2020-01-14T09:29:05","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T09:29:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=18451"},"modified":"2020-01-14T09:29:05","modified_gmt":"2020-01-14T09:29:05","slug":"urban-spiders-thriving-in-the-concrete-jungle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/zoology\/urban-spiders-thriving-in-the-concrete-jungle\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u011bst\u0161t\u00ed pavouci: Kvetou v betonov\u00e9 d\u017eungli"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u011bst\u0161t\u00ed pavouci: Kvetou v betonov\u00e9 d\u017eungli<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dopad urbanizace na velikost a plodnost pavouk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<p>S t\u00edm, jak se m\u011bsta rozr\u016fstaj\u00ed, zasahuj\u00ed do p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed tak divokou zv\u011b\u0159, kter\u00e1 v n\u011bm \u017eije. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 studie proveden\u00e1 v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky na University of Sydney vrhla sv\u011btlo na p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky urbanizace na jednu konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed skupinu tvor\u016f: pavouky.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a plodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pavouci v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech<\/h2>\n\n<p>Studie se zam\u011b\u0159ila na zlat\u00e9 tkalcovsk\u00e9 pavouky (Nephila plumipes), b\u011b\u017en\u00fd druh vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se v m\u011bstsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed Sydney. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci sb\u00edrali pavouky z 20 lokalit s r\u016fzn\u00fdm stupn\u011bm urbanizace, od park\u016f a k\u0159ovinat\u00fdch oblast\u00ed a\u017e po hust\u011b os\u00eddlen\u00e1 p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jejich zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed odhalila jasn\u00fd vzorec: pavouci \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v urbanizovan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch oblastech byli v\u00fdrazn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nosili v\u00edce vaj\u00ed\u010dek ne\u017e jejich prot\u011bj\u0161ky v m\u00e9n\u011b urbanizovan\u00fdch oblastech. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee urbanizace m\u016f\u017ee t\u011bmto pavouk\u016fm poskytovat ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u00fdhody.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed velikost a plodnost pavouk\u016f<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zkoumali n\u011bkolik faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 by mohly p\u0159isp\u00edvat ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 velikosti a plodnosti m\u011bstsk\u00fdch pavouk\u016f. Zjistili, \u017ee urbanizace byla spojena s:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Men\u0161\u00ed vegetac\u00ed:<\/strong> M\u011bstsk\u00e9 oblasti maj\u00ed obvykle m\u00e9n\u011b vegetace ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b. Tento nedostatek vegetace m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout pavouk\u016fm v\u00edce otev\u0159en\u00fdch prostor k budov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed a chyt\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159isti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u011bt\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00edm tvrd\u00fdch povrch\u016f:<\/strong> M\u011bstsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed se vyzna\u010duje hojnost\u00ed tvrd\u00fdch povrch\u016f, jako jsou chodn\u00edky a betonov\u00e9 zdi. Tyto povrchy zadr\u017euj\u00ed teplo a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed teplej\u0161\u00ed mikroklima, kter\u00e9 by mohlo prosp\u011bt pavouk\u016fm sn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm jejich energetick\u00fdch v\u00fddaj\u016f na termoregulaci.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm um\u011bl\u00fdm osv\u011btlen\u00edm:<\/strong> Um\u011bl\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed z pouli\u010dn\u00edch lamp a dal\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f p\u0159itahuje hmyz, kter\u00fd je hlavn\u00edm zdrojem potravy pro pavouky. Hojnost ko\u0159isti v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u00edvat k v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikosti a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed plodnosti m\u011bstsk\u00fdch pavouk\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u011bst\u0161t\u00ed pavouci: T\u011b\u017e\u00ed z m\u011bsta<\/h2>\n\n<p>V\u00fdsledky studie nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee urbanizace m\u016f\u017ee poskytovat zlat\u00fdm tkalcovsk\u00fdm pavouk\u016fm n\u011bkolik v\u00fdhod. Mezi tyto v\u00fdhody pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1 predace a parazitismus:<\/strong> M\u011bstsk\u00e9 oblasti mohou m\u00edt m\u00e9n\u011b pred\u00e1tor\u016f a parazit\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed c\u00edl\u00ed na pavouky. To by mohlo v\u00e9st ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9mu p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a reproduk\u010dn\u00edmu \u00fasp\u011bchu m\u011bstsk\u00fdch pavouk\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 dostupnost potravy:<\/strong> Hojnost hmyzu p\u0159itahovan\u00e9ho um\u011bl\u00fdm osv\u011btlen\u00edm a potenci\u00e1l pro v\u00edce odpadk\u016f a zelen\u00fdch ploch v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout pavouk\u016fm spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a v\u00fd\u017eivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zdroj potravy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Teplej\u0161\u00ed teploty:<\/strong> M\u011bstsk\u00fd efekt tepeln\u00e9ho ostrova, zp\u016fsoben\u00fd hromad\u011bn\u00edm tepla z budov a chodn\u00edk\u016f, m\u016f\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mikroklima pro pavouky, co\u017e jim umo\u017e\u0148uje r\u016fst v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a produkovat v\u00edce vaj\u00ed\u010dek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdzvy a budouc\u00ed d\u016fsledky<\/h2>\n\n<p>A\u010dkoli urbanizace m\u016f\u017ee poskytovat m\u011bstsk\u00fdm pavouk\u016fm ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u00fdhody, p\u0159edstavuje tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdzvy. S t\u00edm, jak populace pavouk\u016f v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech rostou, mohou \u010delit:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Konkurenci o zdroje:<\/strong> S v\u00edce pavouky na men\u0161\u00ed plo\u0161e se m\u016f\u017ee konkurence o potravu a partnery zintenzivnit, co\u017e potenci\u00e1ln\u011b povede ke zhroucen\u00ed populace.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Extr\u00e9mn\u00edmu horku:<\/strong> Pokud klimatick\u00e1 zm\u011bna povede k dal\u0161\u00edmu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed m\u011bstsk\u00fdch teplot, pavouci mohou dos\u00e1hnout sv\u00fdch fyziologick\u00fdch limit\u016f a budou m\u00edt pot\u00ed\u017ee s p\u0159e\u017eit\u00edm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nov\u00fdm pred\u00e1tor\u016fm:<\/strong> Hojnost pavouk\u016f v m\u011bstsk\u00fdch oblastech by mohla p\u0159il\u00e1kat nov\u00e9 pred\u00e1tory, jako jsou pt\u00e1ci a dal\u0161\u00ed pavoukovci, kte\u0159\u00ed by mohli populace pavouk\u016f sn\u00ed\u017eit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n<p>Studie o zlat\u00fdch tkalcovsk\u00fdch pavouc\u00edch v Sydney poskytuje cenn\u00e9 poznatky o slo\u017eit\u00e9m vztahu mezi urbanizac\u00ed a divokou zv\u011b\u0159\u00ed. Nazna\u010duje, \u017ee urbanizace m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pozitivn\u00ed i negativn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky na populace pavouk\u016f a je t\u0159eba dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu k pln\u00e9mu pochopen\u00ed dlouhodob\u00fdch d\u016fsledk\u016f t\u011bchto zm\u011bn.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u011bst\u0161t\u00ed pavouci: Kvetou v betonov\u00e9 d\u017eungli Dopad urbanizace na velikost a plodnost pavouk\u016f S t\u00edm, jak se m\u011bsta rozr\u016fstaj\u00ed, zasahuj\u00ed do p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed tak divokou zv\u011b\u0159, kter\u00e1 v&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[280],"tags":[19524,2244,24128,24126,2046,24127],"class_list":["post-18451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zoology","tag-wildlife-in-cities","tag-urban-ecology","tag-spider-fertility","tag-urban-spiders","tag-urbanization","tag-spider-size"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18451","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18451"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18451\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18452,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18451\/revisions\/18452"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18451"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18451"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18451"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}