{"id":2169,"date":"2020-07-15T04:42:15","date_gmt":"2020-07-15T04:42:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=2169"},"modified":"2020-07-15T04:42:15","modified_gmt":"2020-07-15T04:42:15","slug":"robert-higgins-the-father-of-mud-dragons-and-loricifera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/science\/zoology\/robert-higgins-the-father-of-mud-dragons-and-loricifera\/","title":{"rendered":"Robert Higgins: Otec Loricifera a bahenn\u00edch drak\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Robert Higgins: Otec bahenn\u00edch drak\u016f a Loricifera<\/h2>\n\n<p>Robert Higgins, mo\u0159sk\u00fd biolog, zasv\u011btil sv\u016fj \u017eivot studiu meiofauny, mal\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed v prostor\u00e1ch mezi zrny p\u00edsku. Mezi jeho mnoha objevy pat\u0159\u00ed nov\u00e9 druhy kinorhynch\u016f, bahenn\u00edch drak\u016f a dokonce i nov\u00fd kmen \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f zvan\u00fd Loricifera.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Higginsova ran\u00e1 kari\u00e9ra a objev kinorhynch\u016f<\/h3>\n\n<p>Higginsova cesta do sv\u011bta meiofauny za\u010dala v 50. letech 20. stolet\u00ed na University of Colorado. P\u0159i studiu bezobratl\u00fdch se setkal s tardigradami, mikroskopick\u00fdmi \u017eivo\u010dichy zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi svou odolnost\u00ed. Higgins byl fascinov\u00e1n jejich p\u0159izp\u016fsobivost\u00ed a rozhodl se zam\u011b\u0159it svou magisterskou pr\u00e1ci na n\u011b.<\/p>\n\n<p>Jedno l\u00e9to Higgins cestoval do mo\u0159sk\u00e9 laborato\u0159e University of Washington, kde dostal za \u00fakol sb\u00edrat kinorhynchy. P\u0159esto\u017ee nikdy p\u0159edt\u00edm \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho nevid\u011bl, vyvinul techniku zvanou &#8220;bublina a skvrna&#8221;, aby je vyt\u00e1hl ze vzork\u016f sedimentu. Tato metoda zp\u016fsobila revoluci ve studiu kinorhynch\u016f a stala se b\u011b\u017enou prax\u00ed ve v\u00fdzkumu meiofauny.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objev Loricifera<\/h3>\n\n<p>V roce 1974, p\u0159i sb\u011bru meiofauny u pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Severn\u00ed Karol\u00edny, objevil Higgins zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho tvora odli\u0161n\u00e9ho od v\u0161eho, co kdy vid\u011bl. Vzorek konzervoval, ale a\u017e o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji, ve spolupr\u00e1ci s Reinhardem Kristensenem z University of Copenhagen, si uv\u011bdomil jeho v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n\n<p>V roce 1982 nasb\u00edral Kristensen dal\u0161\u00ed vzorky stejn\u00e9ho zv\u00ed\u0159ete pobl\u00ed\u017e Francie. Spole\u010dn\u011b zjistili, \u017ee tato stvo\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nov\u00fd kmen, kter\u00fd nazvali Loricifera, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 &#8220;nosi\u010d opasku&#8221;. Tento objev byl v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pr\u016flomem v zoologii, proto\u017ee ve 20. stolet\u00ed bylo pops\u00e1no pouze \u010dty\u0159i nov\u00e9 kmeny.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Higgins\u016fv odkaz ve v\u00fdzkumu meiofauny<\/h3>\n\n<p>B\u011bhem sv\u00e9 kari\u00e9ry hr\u00e1l Higgins kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v podpo\u0159e studia meiofauny. Byl spoluzakladatelem Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed asociace meiobentolog\u016f a zah\u00e1jil vyd\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jej\u00edho zpravodaje, kter\u00fd podporuje komunikaci a spolupr\u00e1ci mezi v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky. Byl tak\u00e9 spoluautorem &#8220;\u00davodu do studia meiofauny&#8221;, pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9ho d\u00edla, kter\u00e9 se stalo standardn\u00ed u\u010debnic\u00ed v oboru.<\/p>\n\n<p>Higginsova \u0161t\u011bdrost a mentorstv\u00ed p\u0159es\u00e1hly jeho kolegy. Navrhoval a sd\u00edlel v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, jako je s\u00ed\u0165 &#8220;podprsenka mo\u0159sk\u00e9 panny&#8221;, kterou dodnes pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci meiofauny. Podporoval tak\u00e9 mlad\u00e9 v\u011bdce, v\u010detn\u011b Fernanda Pardose, kter\u00fd se pozd\u011bji stal p\u0159edn\u00edm taxonoemem kinorhynch\u016f.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdznam interstici\u00e1ln\u00edch prostor ve v\u011bd\u011b<\/h3>\n\n<p>Higginsova pr\u00e1ce zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam interstici\u00e1ln\u00edch prostor ve v\u011bd\u011b. Stejn\u011b jako meiofauna prosperuje v mezer\u00e1ch mezi zrny p\u00edsku, v\u011bdeck\u00e9 objevy se \u010dasto odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed v prostorech mezi form\u00e1ln\u00edmi nastaven\u00edmi. Neform\u00e1ln\u00ed rozhovory, n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 setk\u00e1n\u00ed a neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed mohou v\u00e9st k pr\u016flomov\u00fdm poznatk\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Long-tailov\u00e1 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 slova v kontextu<\/h3>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Objev nov\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch druh\u016f v r\u00e1mci meiofauny:<\/strong> Higginsov objev Loricifera a mnoha nov\u00fdch druh\u016f kinorhynch\u016f roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il na\u0161e ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed rozmanitosti \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00ed techniky bublina a skvrna pro sb\u011br meiofauny:<\/strong> Higginsova technika bublina a skvrna zp\u016fsobila revoluci ve sb\u011bru meiofauny, umo\u017enila v\u011bdc\u016fm efektivn\u011bji extrahovat tyto drobn\u00e9 tvory ze vzork\u016f sedimentu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00fdvoj s\u00edt\u011b podprsenka mo\u0159sk\u00e9 panny pro filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed meiofauny:<\/strong> S\u00ed\u0165 podprsenka mo\u0159sk\u00e9 panny, kterou navrhl Higgins, je specializovan\u00fd n\u00e1stroj pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd k filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed meiofauny ze vzork\u016f vody. Jej\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00fd tvar a proveden\u00ed ji \u010din\u00ed obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u00fa\u010dinnou p\u0159i sb\u011bru t\u011bchto choulostiv\u00fdch organism\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spolupr\u00e1ce Roberta Higginse a Fernanda Pardose p\u0159i studiu kinorhynch\u016f:<\/strong> Higginsovo veden\u00ed Pardose sehr\u00e1lo v\u00fdznamnou roli v pokroku ve studiu kinorhynch\u016f. Jejich spolupr\u00e1ce vedla k objevu nov\u00fdch druh\u016f a hlub\u0161\u00edmu porozum\u011bn\u00ed jejich biologie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Objev kmene Loricifera Higginsem a Kristensenem:<\/strong> Objev Loricifera byl v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pr\u016flomem v zoologii, proto\u017ee p\u0159edstavoval identifikaci nov\u00e9ho \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9ho kmene, co\u017e je v oboru vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robert Higgins: Otec bahenn\u00edch drak\u016f a Loricifera Robert Higgins, mo\u0159sk\u00fd biolog, zasv\u011btil sv\u016fj \u017eivot studiu meiofauny, mal\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed v prostor\u00e1ch mezi zrny p\u00edsku. Mezi jeho mnoha objevy pat\u0159\u00ed&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[280],"tags":[4533,4531,4532,4530,361,4534,4535,613],"class_list":["post-2169","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zoology","tag-mud-dragons","tag-kinorhynchs","tag-loricifera","tag-meiofauna","tag-marine-biology","tag-research-techniques","tag-robert-higgins","tag-scientific-discovery"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2169","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2169"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2169\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2170,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2169\/revisions\/2170"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2169"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2169"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}